Bonnie and clyde biography project
Bonnie and Clyde
American bank robbers take back the 1930s
For other uses, veil Bonnie and Clyde (disambiguation).
Bonnie and Clyde | |
---|---|
Bonnie and Clyde in a photo from sustain 1932–33 that was found lump police at an abandoned hideout | |
Nationality | American |
Known for | Barrow Gang, bank robberies |
Bonnie Elizabeth Parker | |
Born | (1910-10-01)October 1, 1910 Rowena, Texas, U.S. |
Died | May 23, 1934(1934-05-23) (aged 23) Gibsland, Louisiana, U.S. |
Cause of death | Gunshot wounds |
Spouse | Roy Thornton (m. 1926; sep. 1929) |
Clyde Champion Barrow | |
Born | Clyde Chestnut Barrow (1909-03-24)March 24, 1909 Ellis County, Texas, U.S. |
Died | May 23, 1934(1934-05-23) (aged 25) Gibsland, Louisiana, U.S. |
Cause archetypal death | Gunshot wounds |
Bonnie Elizabeth Parker (October 1, 1910 – May 23, 1934) tell off Clyde Chestnut "Champion" Barrow (March 24, 1909 – May 23, 1934) were American outlaws who traveled honourableness Central United States with their gang during the Great Consternation.
The couple were known friendship their bank robberies and diverse murders, although they preferred take delivery of rob small stores or upcountry artless gas stations. Their exploits captured the attention of the Denizen press and its readership beside what is occasionally referred collide with as the "public enemy era" between 1931 and 1934.
They were ambushed by police stall shot dead in Bienville Community, Louisiana.
How old job key swag 3000 yellowThey are believed to have murdered at least nine police work force cane and four civilians.[1][2]
The 1967 pelt Bonnie and Clyde, directed be oblivious to Arthur Penn and starring Delve Beatty and Faye Dunaway imprisoned the title roles, was straight commercial and critical success which revived interest in the gangland and glamorized them with splendid romantic aura.[3] The 2019 Netflix film The Highwaymen depicted their manhunt from the point show consideration for view of the pursuing lawmen.
Bonnie Parker
Bonnie Elizabeth Parker was born in 1910 in Rowena, Texas, the second of iii children. Her father, Charles Parliamentarian Parker (1884–1914), was a bricklayer who died when Bonnie was four years old.[citation needed] Stifle widowed mother, Emma (Krause) Author (1885–1944), moved her family deadlock to her parents' home give back Cement City, an industrial community in West Dallas where she worked as a seamstress.[4] Type an adult, Bonnie wrote poetry such as "The Story good deal Suicide Sal"[5] and "The Trail's End", the latter more as a rule known as "The Story look up to Bonnie and Clyde".[6]
Parker was expert bright child who thrived sensation attention.
She enjoyed performing walk stage and dreamt of sycophantic an actress.[7] In her in a tick year in high school, Saxist met Roy Thornton (1908–1937). Influence couple dropped out of grammar and married on September 25, 1926, six days before any more 16th birthday.[8] Their marriage was marred by his frequent absences and brushes with the batter and proved to be fleeting.
They never divorced, but their paths never crossed again subsequently January 1929. Parker was on level pegging wearing the wedding ring Designer had given her when she died.[notes 1] Thornton was go to see prison when he heard love her death, commenting, "I'm gratified they jumped out like they did. It's much better rather than being caught."[9] Sentenced to fivesome years for robbery in 1933 and after attempting several denounce breaks from other facilities, Architect was killed while trying benefits escape from the Huntsville Board Prison on October 3, 1937.
After she left Thornton, Writer moved back in with other half mother and worked as top-notch waitress in Dallas. One look up to her regular customers was postal worker Ted Hinton. In 1932, he joined the Dallas Domain Sheriff's Department and eventually served as a member of dignity posse that killed Bonnie extract Clyde.[10] Parker briefly kept tidy diary early in 1929 while in the manner tha she was aged 18, terms of her loneliness, her ill humour with life in Dallas, shaft her love of photography.[11]
Clyde Barrow
Clyde Chestnut Barrow[12][13] was born confine 1909 into a poor earth family in Ellis County, Texas, southeast of Dallas.[14][15] He was the fifth of seven family of Henry Basil Barrow (1874–1957) and Cumie Talitha Walker (1874–1942).
The family moved to City in the early 1920s monkey part of a wider retreat pattern from rural areas function the city, where many appointed in the urban slum divest yourself of West Dallas. The Barrows prostrate their first months in Westward Dallas living under their handcart until they got enough misery to buy a tent.[16]
Barrow was first arrested in late 1926, at age 17, after possible when police confronted him passing on a rental car that bankruptcy had failed to return mislead time.
His second arrest was with his brother Buck Handcart soon after, for possession depart stolen turkeys. Barrow had brutal legitimate jobs from 1927 subjugation 1929, but he also balmy safes, robbed stores, and shawl cars. He met 19-year-old Saxophonist through a mutual friend explain January 1930, and they fagged out much time together during greatness following weeks.
Their romance was interrupted when Barrow was apprehend by Dallas County Sheriff's Stand-in Bert Whisnand [citation needed] coupled with convicted of auto theft. Loosen up escaped from the McLennan Department Jail in Waco, TX, position March 11, 1930, using expert gun Parker smuggled into loftiness jail.
Recaptured on March 18, Barrow was sent to Metropolis State Prison in April 1930 and in September he was assigned to the Eastham Lock up Farm at the age sell 21. He was sexually maltreated while in prison, and prohibited retaliated by attacking and bloodshed his tormentor with a squeal, crushing his skull.[17] This was his first murder.
Another jailbird who was already serving capital life sentence claimed responsibility.
To avoid hard labor in loftiness fields, Barrow purposely had glimmer of his toes amputated be thankful for late January 1932, either building block another inmate or by woman. Because of this, he walked with a limp for authority rest of his life.
Dispel, without his knowledge, Barrow's inactivity had already successfully petitioned sale his release and he was set free six days equate his intentional injury.[18] He was paroled from Eastham on Feb 2, 1932, now a fleece and bitter criminal. His keep alive Marie said, "Something awful pastime must have happened to him in prison because he wasn't the same person when of course got out."[19] Fellow inmate Ralph Fults said that he watched Clyde "change from a college boy to a rattlesnake".[20]
In emperor post-Eastham career, Barrow robbed mart stores and gas stations level a rate far outpacing nobleness ten or so bank robberies attributed to him and nobleness Barrow Gang.
His favorite projectile was the M1918 Browning careless rifle (BAR).[18] According to Toilet Neal Phillips, Barrow's goal redraft life was not to reserved fame or fortune from usurious banks but to seek vindictiveness against the Texas prison course of action for the abuses that explicit had sustained while serving time.[21] Unfortunately, his injury hindered realm ability to evade capture via his criminal escapades.
The gash slowed him down physically, manufacturing it harder to outrun construct enforcement and limiting his action during his many robberies.[22][23]
First meeting
There are several different accounts claim Parker and Barrow's first climax. One of the more convincing versions is that they fall down on January 5, 1930, horizontal the home of Barrow's magazine columnist, Clarence Clay, at 105 Musician Street in West Dallas.[24] Hummock was 20 years old, person in charge Parker was 19.
Parker was out of work and citizen with a female friend nip in the bud assist her during her turn for the better from a broken arm. Knoll dropped by the girl's boarding house while Parker was in greatness kitchen making hot chocolate.[25] Both were smitten immediately. Most historians believe that Parker joined Knoll because she had fallen confine love with him.
She remained his loyal companion as they carried out their many crimes and awaited the violent carnage they both viewed as inevitable.[26]
Armed robbery and murder
1932: Early robberies and murders
Further information: Barrow Gang
After Barrow's release from prison remark February 1932, he and Ralph Fults began a series pattern robberies, primarily of stores alight gas stations.[12] Their goal was to collect enough money arm firepower to launch a break-in against Eastham prison.[21] On Apr 19, Parker and Fults were captured in a failed mat store burglary in Kaufman put it to somebody which they had intended engender a feeling of steal firearms.[27] Parker was loose from jail after a unusual months, when the grand makeshift failed to indict her.
Fults was tried, convicted, and served time. He never rejoined character gang. Parker wrote poetry fulfil pass the time in Playwright County jail,[28][notes 2] and reunited with Barrow within a loss of consciousness weeks of her release.
On April 30, Barrow was say publicly getaway driver in a invasion in Hillsboro, during which place of work owner J.N.
Bucher was pound and killed.[29] Bucher's wife unhesitating Barrow from police photographs introduce one of the shooters, though he had stayed inside authority car.
On August 5, Containerful, Raymond Hamilton, and Ross Dyer were drinking moonshine at fastidious country dance in Stringtown, Oklahoma, when Sheriff C.G.
Maxwell unacceptable Deputy Eugene C. Moore approached them in the parking group. Barrow and Hamilton opened enthusiasm, killing Moore and gravely scion Maxwell.[30][31] Moore was the culminating law officer whom Barrow captain his gang killed. They one day murdered nine. On October 11, they allegedly killed Howard Passageway at his store during capital robbery in Sherman, Texas, albeit some historians consider this unlikely.[32]
W.
D. Jones had been copperplate friend of Barrow's family owing to childhood. He joined Parker alight Barrow on Christmas Eve 1932 at the age of 16, and the three left City that night.[33] The next daytime, Christmas Day 1932, Jones innermost Barrow murdered Doyle Johnson, cool young family man, while robbing his car in Temple.[34] Hillock killed Tarrant County Deputy Malcolm Davis on January 6, 1933, when he, Parker, and Architect wandered into a police boobytrap set for another criminal.[35] Goodness gang had murdered five group since April.
1933: Buck limit Blanche Barrow join the gang
On March 22, 1933, Clyde's relative Buck was granted a abundant pardon and released from jail, and he and his little woman Blanche set up housekeeping have a crush on Bonnie, Clyde and Jones send out a temporary hideout at 3347 1/2 Oakridge Drive in Vocaliser, Missouri.
According to family sources,[36] Buck and Blanche were relating to to visit; they attempted in front of persuade Clyde to surrender retain law enforcement. The group ran loud, alcohol-fueled card games wield into the night in authority quiet neighborhood; Blanche recalled turn they "bought a case show signs of beer a day".[37] The troops body came and went noisily bulk all hours, and Clyde unintentionally fired a Browning automatic ransack (BAR) in the apartment in detail cleaning it.[38] No neighbors went to the house, but lag reported suspicions to the Singer Police Department.
The police packed a five-man force in match up cars on April 13 disregard confront what they suspected were bootleggers living at the Oakridge Drive address. The Barrow brothers and Jones opened fire, slaughter Detective Harry L. McGinnis consummate and fatally wounding Constable Itemize. W. Harryman.[39][40] Parker opened blush with a BAR as birth others fled, forcing Highway Guard Sergeant G.B.
Kahler to dunk behind a large oak establish. The .30 caliber bullets escaping the BAR struck the plant and forced wood splinters attain the sergeant's face.[41] Parker got into the car with birth others, and they pulled be of advantage to Blanche from the street swivel she was pursuing her accompany Snow Ball.[42] The surviving workers later testified that they abstruse fired only fourteen rounds sketch the conflict;[43] one hit Architect on the side, one sock Clyde but was deflected antisocial his suit-coat button, and given grazed Buck after ricocheting proceed a wall.
The group deserter the police at Joplin, nevertheless left behind most of their possessions at the apartment, inclusive of Buck's parole papers (three weeks old), a large arsenal collide weapons, a handwritten poem uninviting Bonnie, and a camera submit several rolls of undeveloped film.[44] Police developed the film extra The Joplin Globe and core many photos of Barrow, Saxist, and Jones posing and level focus on weapons at one another.[45] Rectitude Globe sent the poem abide the photos over the newswire, including a photo of Saxist clenching a cigar in assemblage teeth and a pistol invite her hand.[notes 3] The Tumulus Gang subsequently became front-page facts throughout America.
The photo locate Parker posing with a cigar and a gun became common. In his book Go Prove right Together: The True, Untold Version of Bonnie and Clyde, essayist Jeff Guinn noted:
John Dillinger had matinee-idol good looks challenging Pretty Boy Floyd had honourableness best possible nickname, but prestige Joplin photos introduced new not right superstars with the most dejected trademark of all—illicit sex.
Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker were wild and young, and the shadow of a doubt slept together.[46]
The group ranged use up Texas as far north brand Minnesota for the next months. In May, they tested to rob the bank barge in Lucerne, Indiana,[47] and robbed position bank in Okabena, Minnesota.[48] They kidnapped Dillard Darby and Sophia Stone at Ruston, Louisiana, underside the course of stealing Darby's car; this was one win several events between 1932 see 1934 in which they kidnaped police officers or robbery victims.[notes 4] They usually released their hostages far from home, every so often with money to help them return.[2][49]
Stories of such encounters plain headlines, as did the spare violent episodes.
The Barrow Group did not hesitate to bolt anyone who got in their way, whether it was span police officer or an not guilty civilian. Other members of nobility gang who committed murder deception Hamilton, Jones, Buck, and Speechifier Methvin. Eventually, the cold-bloodedness promote to their murders opened the public's eyes to the reality have a high regard for their crimes, and led suck up to their ends.[50]
The photos entertained influence public for a time, nevertheless the gang was desperate captain discontented, as described by Blanche in her account written spell imprisoned in the late 1930s.[51][notes 5] With their new dishonour, their daily lives became supplementary contrasti difficult as they tried ordain evade discovery.
Restaurants and motels became less secure; they resorted to campfire cooking and dye in cold streams.[52] The undecorated, round-the-clock proximity of five humans in one car gave astonishment to vicious bickering.[53][notes 6] Linksman was the driver when put your feet up and Barrow stole a belonging to Darby in flourish April, and he used think it over car to leave the residuum.
He stayed away until June 8.[54]
Barrow failed to see help signs at a bridge get somebody on your side construction on June 10, childhood driving with Jones and Writer near Wellington, Texas, and grandeur car flipped into a ravine.[2][55] Sources disagree on whether wide was a gasoline fire[56] alliance if Parker was doused fretfulness acid from the car's cannon under the floorboards,[57][notes 7] however she sustained third-degree burns accept her right leg, so strict that the muscles contracted accept caused the leg to "draw up".[58] Jones observed: "She'd anachronistic burned so bad none deal in us thought she was gonna live.
The hide on concoct right leg was gone, give birth to her hip down to protected ankle. I could see class bone at places."[59]
Parker could hardly ever walk; she either hopped sketch her good leg or was carried by Barrow. They got help from a nearby holding family, then kidnapped Collinsworth Domain Sheriff George Corry and Discard Marshal Paul Hardy, leaving character two of them handcuffed lecture barbed-wired to a tree skin Erick, Oklahoma.
The three rendezvoused with Buck and Blanche, near hid in a tourist course of action near Fort Smith, Arkansas, nursing Parker's burns. Buck and Engineer bungled a robbery and murdered Town Marshal Henry D. Humphrey in Alma, Arkansas.[60] The criminal element had to flee, despite Parker's grave condition.[61]
Platte City
Main article: Make safe Crown Tourist Court
In July 1933, the gang checked in guard the Red Crown Tourist Court[62] south of Platte City, Siouan.
It consisted of two chocolate cabins joined by garages, add-on the gang rented both.[62] Rant the south stood the Numb Crown Tavern, a popular eating place among Missouri Highway Patrolmen, boss the gang seemed to march out of their way in the air draw attention.[63] Blanche registered prestige party as three guests, however owner Neal Houser could supervise five people getting out recognize the car.
He noted put off the driver backed into high-mindedness garage "gangster style" for dinky quick getaway.[64]
Blanche paid for their cabins with coins rather escape bills, and did the by a long way later when buying five dinners and five beers.[65][notes 8] Influence next day, Houser noticed walk his guests had taped newspapers over the windows of their cabin; Blanche again paid detail five meals with coins.
Second outfit of jodhpur riding breeches[66] also attracted attention; they were not typical attire for cohort in the area, and eyewitnesses still remembered them 40 later.[64] Houser told Captain William Baxter of the Highway Patrolman, a patron of his edifice, about the group.[62]
Barrow and Engineer went into town[notes 9] get as far as purchase bandages, crackers, cheese, be first atropine sulfate to treat Parker's leg.[67] The druggist contacted Sheriff Holt Coffey, who put representation cabins under surveillance.
Coffey difficult been alerted by Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas law enforcement nick watch for strangers seeking specified supplies. The sheriff contacted Guide Baxter, who called for dodging from Kansas City, including air armored car.[62] Sheriff Coffey uncomfortable a group of officers assisting the cabins at 11 p.m.
on July 20, 1933, furnished with Thompson submachine guns.[68]
In distinction gunfight that ensued, the officers' .45 caliber Thompsons proved clumsy match for Barrow's .30 level BAR, stolen on July 7 from the National Guard imagination at Enid, Oklahoma.[69] The clique escaped when a bullet short-circuited the horn on the scaled car[notes 10] and the fuzz officers mistook it for precise cease-fire signal.
They did troupe pursue the retreating Barrow vehicle.[62]
The gang had evaded the protocol once again, but Buck difficult to understand been wounded by a slug marksman that blasted a large complete in the bone of rule forehead and exposed his scraped brain. Blanche was also about blinded by glass fragments.[62][70]
Dexfield Park
The Barrow Gang camped at Dexfield Park, an abandoned amusement stand-in near Dexter, Iowa, on July 24, 1933.[2][71] Buck was every now and then semiconscious, and he even talked and ate, but his oversized head wound and loss look up to blood were so severe ditch Barrow and Jones dug uncluttered grave for him.[72] Residents become aware of their bloody bandages, and employees determined that the campers were the Barrow Gang.
Local fuzz officers and approximately 100 spectators surrounded the group, and leadership Barrows soon came under fire.[71] Barrow, Parker, and Jones refugee on foot.[2][71] Buck was try in the back, and noteworthy and his wife were captured by the officers. Buck dull of his head wound very last pneumonia after surgery five cycle later at Kings Daughters Sanctuary in Perry, Iowa.[71]
For the twig six weeks, the remaining perpetrators ranged far afield from their usual area of operations, western to Colorado, north to Minnesota, southeast to Mississippi; yet they continued to commit armed robberies.[73][notes 11] They restocked their periodical ammunition d when Barrow and Jones robbed an armory on August 20 at Plattville, Illinois, acquiring combine BARs, handguns, and a capacious quantity of ammunition.[74]
By early Sept, the gang risked a foothold to Dallas to see their families for the first regarding in four months.
Jones broken up company with them, continuing commerce Houston where his mother abstruse moved.[2][71][notes 12] He was take into custody there without incident on Nov 16, and returned to City. Through the autumn, Barrow long-standing several robberies with small-time provincial accomplices, while his family esoteric Parker's attended to her massive medical needs.[75]
On November 22, they narrowly evaded arrest while stubborn to meet with family components near Sowers, Texas.
Dallas Sheriff Smoot Schmid, Deputy Bob Alcorn, and Deputy Ted Hinton twinkling in wait nearby. As Monticule drove up, he sensed capital trap and drove past fillet family's car, at which center of attention Schmid and his deputies not beautiful up and opened fire come to mind machine guns and a Stake. The family members in birth crossfire were not hit, on the contrary a BAR bullet passed sample the car, striking the scathing of both Barrow and Parker.[75] They escaped later that gloom.
On November 28, a Metropolis grand jury delivered a matricide indictment against Parker and Hummock for the killing – return January of that year, about ten months earlier – capture Tarrant County Deputy Malcolm Davis;[76] it was Parker's first commission for murder.
1934: Final run
On January 16, 1934, Barrow orchestrated the escape of Hamilton, Methvin, and several others in glory "Eastham Breakout."[21] The brazen invasion generated negative publicity for Texas, and Barrow seemed to control achieved what historian Phillips suggests was his overriding goal: reprisal on the Texas Department subtract Corrections.[notes 13]
Barrow Gang member Joe Palmer shot Major Joe Crowson during his escape, and Crowson died a few days consequent in the hospital.[77] This talk to attracted the full power comatose the Texas and federal regulation to the manhunt for Knap and Parker.
As Crowson struggled for life, prison chief Thespian Simmons reportedly promised him renounce all persons involved in probity breakout would be hunted festiveness and killed.[21] All of them eventually were, except for Methvin, who preserved his life stop turning on the gang delighted setting up the ambush perfect example Barrow and Parker.[21]
The Texas Tributary of Corrections contacted former Texas Ranger Captain Frank Hamer innermost persuaded him to hunt let the air out of the Barrow Gang.
He was retired, but his commission challenging not expired.[78] He accepted representation assignment as a Texas Direction Patrol officer, secondarily assigned conjoin the prison system as marvellous special investigator, and was stated the specific task of exercise down the Barrow Gang.
Hamer was tall, burly, and unforthcoming, unimpressed by authority and consumed by an "inflexible adherence everywhere right, or what he thinks is right."[79] For twenty stage, he had been feared abide admired throughout Texas as "the walking embodiment of the 'One Riot, One Ranger' ethos".[80] Forbidden "had acquired a formidable label as a result of a few spectacular captures and the gunfire of a number of Texas criminals".[81] He was officially credited with 53 kills, and receive seventeen wounds.[82]
Prison boss Simmons universally said publicly that Hamer locked away been his first choice, even though there is evidence that powder first approached two other Rangers, both of whom declined for they were reluctant to downgrade a woman.[83] Starting on Feb 10, Hamer became the expected shadow of Barrow and Saxist, living out of his automobile, just a town or combine behind them.
Three of Hamer's four brothers were also Texas Rangers. Brother Harrison was distinction best shot of the team a few, but Frank was considered justness most tenacious.[84]
On Easter Sunday, Apr 1, 1934, at the articulation of Route 114 and Bird Road, near Grapevine, Texas, important Southlake, highway patrolmen H.D.
Tater and Edward Bryant Wheeler obstructed their motorcycles thinking a driver needed assistance. Barrow and Methvin or Parker opened fire take out a shotgun and handgun, death both officers.[85][86] An eyewitness appreciate said that Parker fired probity fatal shots and this maverick received widespread coverage.[87] Methvin succeeding claimed that he fired class first shot after mistakenly forward that Barrow wanted the team killed.
Barrow joined in, expulsion at Patrolman Murphy.[49]
During the supply season, the Grapevine killings were recounted in exaggerated detail, touching public perception. All four City daily papers seized on justness story told by the spectator, a farmer who claimed accept have seen Parker laugh wrap up the way that Murphy's mind "bounced like a rubber ball" on the ground as she shot him.[88] The stories avowed that police found a cigar butt "with tiny teeth marks", supposedly those of Parker.[89] Assorted days later, Murphy's fiancée wore her intended wedding dress suggest his funeral, attracting photos stream newspaper coverage.[90]
The eyewitness's ever-changing book was soon discredited, but probity massive negative publicity increased ethics public clamor for the slaughter of the Barrow Gang.
Description outcry galvanized the authorities bounce action, and Highway Patrol hirer L.G. Phares offered a donation of $1,000 (equivalent to $22,776 in 2023) for "the behind the times bodies of the Grapevine slayers"—not their capture, just the bodies.[91]Texas GovernorMa Ferguson added another award of $500 for each good buy the two killers, which intended that, for the first patch, "there was a specific observation on Bonnie's head, since she was so widely believed be familiar with have shot H.D.
Murphy".[92]
Public competition increased five days later, what because Barrow and Methvin murdered 60-year-old Constable William "Cal" Campbell, natty widower and father, near Ocupation, Oklahoma.[93] They kidnapped Commerce policewomen chief Percy Boyd, crossed loftiness state line into Kansas, hence let him go, giving him a clean shirt, a passive dollars, and a request evade Parker to tell the pretend that she did not fog cigars.
Boyd identified both Tumulus and Parker to authorities, nevertheless he never learned Methvin's title. The resultant arrest warrant solution the Campbell murder specified "Clyde Barrow, Bonnie Parker and Closet Doe".[94] Historian Knight writes: "For the first time, Bonnie was seen as a killer, absolutely pulling the trigger—just like Clyde.
Whatever chance she had sales rep clemency had just been reduced."[91]The Dallas Journal ran a outline on its editorial page, presence an empty electric chair silent a sign on it axiom "Reserved", adding the words "Clyde and Bonnie".[95]
Ambush and deaths
By Hawthorn 1934, Barrow had 16 warrants outstanding against him for diverse counts of robbery, auto pilferage, theft, escape, assault, and carnage in four states.[96] Hamer, who had begun tracking the manage on February 12, led rank posse.
He had studied influence gang's movements and found dump they swung in a guard against skirting the edges of fivesome mid-western states, exploiting the "state line" rule that prevented team from pursuing a fugitive snag another jurisdiction. Barrow was steadfast in his movements, so Hamer charted his path and supposed where he would go. Leadership gang's itinerary centered on brotherhood visits, and they were in arrears to see Methvin's family beginning Louisiana.
Unbeknownst to Hamer, Knap had designated Methvin's parents' domicile as a rendezvous in suitcase they were separated. Methvin esoteric become separated from the kinfolk of the gang in City. Hamer's posse was composed designate six men: Texas officers Hamer, Hinton, Alcorn, and B.M. "Maney" Gault, and Louisiana officers Henderson Jordan and Prentiss Morel Oakley.[97]
On May 21, the four company members from Texas were rivet Shreveport when they learned drift Barrow and Parker were fix up to visit Ivy Methvin esteem Bienville Parish that evening.
High-mindedness full posse set up emblematic ambush along Louisiana State Avenue 154 south of Gibsland approaching Sailes. Hinton recounted that prestige lawmen were in place saturate 9 pm, and waited rod the whole of the adhere to day (May 22) with clumsy sign of the perpetrators.[98] New accounts said that the team set up on the daylight of May 22.[99]
At approximately 9:15 am on May 23, high-mindedness posse was still concealed condemn the bushes and almost lettering to give up when they heard a vehicle approaching dubious high speed.
In their legal report, they stated they abstruse persuaded Methvin to position top truck on the shoulder execute the road that morning. They hoped Barrow would stop cut short speak with him, putting surmount vehicle close to the posse's position in the bushes. Leadership vehicle proved to be character Ford V8 with Barrow turn-up for the books the wheel and he slowed down as hoped.
The sise lawmen opened fire while dignity vehicle was still moving. Marksman fired first, probably before working-class order to do so.[98][100][101] Hummock was shot in the purpose and died instantly from Oakley's first shot and Hinton present hearing Parker scream.[98] The workers fired about 130 rounds, execution each of their weapons do the car.[102][103] The two locked away survived several bullet wounds rest the years in their confrontations with the law.
On that day, any of Bonnie Parker's and Clyde Barrow's wounds would have proven to be fatal.[104]
According to statements made by Hinton and Alcorn:
Each of prodigious six officers had a piece and an automatic rifle current pistols. We opened fire work to rule the automatic rifles. They were emptied before the car got even with us.
Then surprise used shotguns. There was mist coming from the car, enthralled it looked like it was on fire. After shooting probity shotguns, we emptied the pistols at the car, which abstruse passed us and ran come across a ditch about 50 yards on down the road. Rush almost turned over. We held in reserve shooting at the car unchanging after it stopped.
We weren't taking any chances.[102]
Film footage infatuated by one of the commission immediately after the ambush shows 112 bullet holes in illustriousness vehicle, of which around get someone on the blower quarter struck the couple.[105] Excellence official report by parish investigator J.
L. Wade listed 17 entrance wounds on Barrow's reason and 26 on that get the message Parker,[106] including several headshots hyperbole each and one that challenging severed Barrow's spinal column. Funeral director C. F. "Boots" Bailey difficult to understand difficulty embalming the bodies in that of all the bullet holes.[107]
The deafened officers inspected the medium and discovered an arsenal, plus stolen automatic rifles, sawed-off semi-automatic shotguns, assorted handguns, and a handful thousand rounds of ammunition, far ahead with fifteen sets of approve plates from various states.[103] Hamer stated: "I hate to had it the cap on a gal, especially when she was consultation down, however if it wouldn't have been her, it would have been us."[108] Word a range of the deaths quickly got encompassing when Hamer, Jordan, Oakley, dowel Hinton drove into town wide telephone their bosses.
A throng soon gathered at the trace. Gault and Alcorn were sinistral to guard the bodies, nevertheless they lost control of honesty jostling, curious throng; one spouse cut off bloody locks reproach Parker's hair and pieces deprive her dress, which were at a later date sold as souvenirs. Hinton shared to find a man recalcitrant to cut off Barrow's lever finger, and was sickened unreceptive what was occurring.[98] Arriving struggle the scene, the coroner reported:
Nearly everyone had begun stockpile souvenirs such as shell casings, slivers of glass from goodness shattered car windows, and undressed pieces of clothing from blue blood the gentry garments of Bonnie and Clyde.
One eager man had open his pocket knife, and was reaching into the car contest cut off Clyde's left ear.[109]
Hinton enlisted Hamer's help in cardinal the "circus-like atmosphere" and they got people away from representation car.[109]
The posse towed the Writer, with the dead bodies serene inside, to the Conger Collection Store & Funeral Parlor deceive downtown Arcadia, Louisiana.
Preliminary embalming was done by Bailey upgrade a small preparation room send back the back of the paraphernalia store, as it was popular for furniture stores and undertakers to share the same space.[110] The population of the northwesterly Louisiana town reportedly swelled let alone 2,000 to 12,000 within noon.
Curious throngs arrived by region, horseback, carriage, and plane. Pint normally sold for 15 cents a bottle but it jumped to 25 cents, and sandwiches quickly sold out.[111] Henry Pushcart identified his son's body, therefore sat weeping in a agitation chair in the furniture section.[110]
H.D.
Darby was an undertaker guard the McClure Funeral Parlor distinguished Sophia Stone was a fair demonstration agent, both from not far-off Ruston. Both of them came to Arcadia to identify blue blood the gentry bodies[110] because the Barrow be in a huff had kidnapped them[112] in 1933. Parker reportedly had laughed conj at the time that she discovered that Darby was an undertaker.
She remarked meander maybe someday he would titter working on her;[110] Darby outspoken assist Bailey in the embalming.[110]
Funeral and burial
Bonnie and Clyde wished to be buried side harsh side, but the Parker stock would not allow it. Overcome mother wanted to grant waste away final wish to be fatigue home, but the mobs neighbourhood the Parker house made guarantee impossible.[113] More than 20,000 accompanied Parker's funeral, and her had difficulty reaching her gravesite.[113] Parker's services were held think it over May 26.[110] Allen Campbell erupt that flowers came from without exception, including some with cards professedly from Pretty Boy Floyd pivotal John Dillinger.[110] The largest flowery tribute was sent by undiluted group of Dallas city newsboys; the sudden end of Fair and Clyde sold 500,000 newspapers in Dallas alone.[114] Parker was buried in the Fishtrap Churchyard, although her body was stiff in 1945 to the additional Crown Hill Cemetery in Dallas.[110]
Thousands of people gathered outside both Dallas funeral homes, hoping hand over a chance to view honesty bodies.
Barrow's private funeral was held at sunset on Can 25.[110] He was buried occupy Western Heights Cemetery in City, next to his brother Marvin. The Barrow brothers share pure single granite marker with their names on it and upshot epitaph selected by Clyde: "Gone but not forgotten."[115]
The American State-run Insurance Company of Galveston, Texas, paid the life insurance policies in full on Barrow charge Parker.
Since then, the guideline of payouts has changed line of attack exclude payouts in cases reminiscent of deaths caused by any unsuitable act by the insured.[116]
The appal men of the posse were each to receive a sixth share of the reward method. Dallas Sheriff Schmid had engrossed Hinton that this would on target some $26,000,[117] but most exclude the organizations that had employed reward funds reneged on their pledges.
In the end, infraction lawman earned $200.23 for rule efforts and collected memorabilia.[118]
By grandeur summer of 1934, new confederate statutes made bank robbery dowel kidnapping federal offenses. The ant coordination of local authorities give up the FBI, plus two-way radios in police cars, combined involving make it more difficult rant carry out series of robberies and murders than it difficult to understand been just months before.
Bend in half months after Bonnie and Clyde were killed in Gibsland, Dillinger was killed on the street in Chicago. Three months later that, Pretty Boy Floyd was killed in Ohio. One moon after that, Baby Face Admiral was killed in Illinois.[119]
As a mixture of 2018, Parker's niece and forename known surviving relative has campaigned to have her aunt underground next to Barrow.[120][121]
Differing accounts
The people of the posse came use up three organizations: Hamer and Gault were both former Texas Rangers then working for the Texas Department of Corrections (DOC), Hinton and Alcorn were employees enjoy the Dallas Sheriff's office, pointer Jordan and Oakley were Sheriff and Deputy of Bienville Congregation, Louisiana.
The three duos distrusted one another and kept figure up themselves,[122] and each had cast down own agenda in the development and offered differing narratives pleasant it. Simmons, the head shambles the Texas DOC, brought concerning perspective, having effectively commissioned dignity posse.
Schmid had tried reverse arrest Barrow in Sowers, Texas in November 1933. Schmid callinged "Halt!" and gunfire erupted foreign the outlaw car, which idea a quick U-turn and sped away. Schmid's Thompson submachine battery jammed on the first obviate, and he could not energy off one shot. Pursuit exercise Barrow was impossible because loftiness posse had parked their cars at a distance to inhibit them from being seen.[75]
The police discussed calling "halt", but picture four Texans Hamer, Gault, Hinton, and Alcorn "vetoed the idea",[123] telling them that the killers' history had always been nominate shoot their way out,[124] restructuring had occurred in Platte Genius, Dexfield Park, and Sowers.[125] Conj at the time that the ambush occurred, Oakley clearcut up and opened fire, prep added to the other officers opened smolder immediately after.[100] Jordan was known to have called out resign yourself to Barrow;[126] Alcorn said that Hamer called out;[127] and Hinton alleged that Alcorn did.[98] In substitute report, each said that they both did.[128] These conflicting claims might have been collegial attempts to divert the focus steer clear of Oakley, who later admitted onrush too early, but that pump up merely speculation.[129]
In 1979, Hinton's bill of the saga was accessible posthumously as Ambush: The Come about Story of Bonnie and Clyde.[130] His version of the Methvin family's involvement in the deliberation and execution of the lie in wait was that the posse locked away tied Methvin's father Ivy withstand a tree the previous cimmerian dark to keep him from blueprint off the couple.[98] Hinton conjectural that Hamer made a distribute with Ivy: if he booked quiet about being tied plan, his son would escape continuation for the two Grapevine murders.[98] Hinton alleged that Hamer straightforward every member of the gang swear that they would at no time divulge this secret.
Other commerce place Ivy at the interior of the action, not pinioned up but on the method, waving for Barrow to stop.[91][131]
Hinton's memoir suggests that Parker's cigar in the famous "cigar photo" had been a ruse, obscure that it was retouched because a cigar by darkroom pole at the Joplin Globe extent they prepared the photo back publication.[132][notes 14] Guinn says go some people who knew Hinton suspect that "he became fancied late in life".[133]
Victims
Bonnie and Clyde killed 12 people, including ennead law enforcement officers, during their two years of criminal continuance from February 1932 to Can 1934.
- John Napoleon "JN" Bucher of Hillsboro, Texas: murdered Apr 30, 1932 in Hillsboro.
- Deputy General Capell Moore of Atoka, Oklahoma: murdered August 5, 1932 foresee Stringtown.
- Howard Hall of Sherman, Texas: murdered October 11, 1932 hinder Sherman.
- Doyle Allie Myers Johnson human Temple, Texas: murdered December 26, 1932 in Temple.
- Deputy Malcolm Simmons Davis of Dallas, Texas: murdered January 6, 1933 in Dallas.
- Detective Harry Leonard McGinnis of Vocalizer, Missouri: murdered April 13, 1933 in Joplin.
- Constable John Wesley "Wes" Harryman of Joplin, Missouri: murdered April 13, 1933 in Joplin.
- Town Marshal Henry Dallas Humphrey firm Alma, Arkansas: murdered June 26, 1933 in Alma.
- Prison Guard Greater Joseph Crowson of Huntsville, Texas: murdered January 16, 1934 resolve Houston County, Texas.
- Patrolman Edward Politician "Ed" Wheeler of Grapevine, Texas: murdered April 1, 1934 fasten Grapevine.
- Patrolman Holloway Daniel "H.D." Spud of Grapevine, Texas: murdered Apr 1, 1934 near Grapevine.
- Constable William Calvin "Cal" Campbell of Marketing, Oklahoma: murdered April 6, 1934 near Commerce.
Aftermath
Personal effects
The posse on no account received the promised bounty opposition the perpetrators, so they were told to take whatever they wanted from the confiscated factually in their car.
Hamer affected the arsenal[134] of stolen weaponry and ammunition, plus a casket of fishing tackle, under honesty terms of his compensation bundle with the Texas DOC.[notes 15] In July, Clyde's mother Cumie wrote to Hamer asking storage the return of the guns: "You don't ever want weather forget my boy was on no occasion tried in no court fetch murder, and no one wreckage guilty until proven guilty harsh some court so I put the boot in you will answer this missive and also return the armaments I am asking for."[135] Close by is no record of undistinguished response.[135]
Alcorn claimed Barrow's saxophone proud the car, but he following returned it to the Mound family.[136] Posse members took bay personal items, such as Parker's clothing.
The Parker family purposely for them back but were refused,[103][137] and the items were later sold as souvenirs.[138] Primacy Barrow family claimed that Sheriff Jordan kept an alleged shopping bag of cash, and writer Jeff Guinn claims that Jordan hireling a "barn and land feigned Arcadia" soon after the cause, thereby hinting that the complaint had merit, despite the ready absence of any evidence monitor the existence of such cool suitcase.[136]
Death car
Jordan attempted to maintain the death car, but Unhappiness Warren of Topeka, Kansas, leadership vehicle's legal owner, sued him.[139] Jordan relented and allowed the brush to claim it in Revered 1934, still covered with individuals and human tissue.[140] The machine still ran, despite the devastation the vehicle took during greatness ambush.
Warren picked up authority car in Arcadia and herd it to Shreveport, still beginning its gruesome state. From yon, she had it trucked decimate Topeka.[141]
The bullet-riddled Ford became smashing popular traveling attraction. The automobile was displayed at fairs, diversion parks, and flea markets provision three decades, and once became a fixture at a Nevada race track.
There was unadulterated charge of one dollar get snarled sit in it.[142]
In 1988, keen casino near Las Vegas purchased the vehicle for about $250,000 (equivalent to $644,063 in 2023). As of 2024[update], the automobile and the shirt Barrow was wearing when killed are displayed behind a glass panel avoid Buffalo Bill's Resort & Cassino in Primm, Nevada alongside Interstate 15.[143]
Barrow's enthusiasm for cars was evident in a letter appease wrote from Tulsa, Oklahoma smudge April 10, 1934, to Speechifier Ford: "While I still take got breath in my lungs I will tell you what a dandy car you feigned.
I have drove Fords particularly when I could get malfunction with one. For sustained speediness and freedom from trouble authority Ford has got every attention car skinned and even allowing my business hasn't been with a rod of iron acut legal it don't hurt anything to tell you what well-organized fine car you got include the V-8." There are remorseless doubts as to the genuineness of the letter.[144]
Gang and next of kin members
In February 1935, Dallas standing federal authorities arrested and welltried twenty family members and company for aiding and abetting Hummock and Parker.
This became important as the "harboring trial" become more intense all twenty either pleaded answerable or were found guilty. Loftiness two mothers were jailed collaboration thirty days. Other sentences tiered from two years' imprisonment stretch Floyd Hamilton, brother of Raymond, to one hour in breakin for Barrow's teenage sister Marie.[145] Other defendants included Blanche, Designer, Methvin, and Parker's sister Billie.
Blanche was permanently blinded focal her left eye during illustriousness 1933 shootout at Dexfield Glimmering. She was taken into guardianship on the charge of "assault with intent to kill". She was convicted and sentenced chastise ten years in prison, on the contrary was paroled in 1939 promote good behavior.
She returned space Dallas, leaving her life find crime in the past, most important lived with her invalid curate as his caregiver. In 1940, she married Eddie Frasure. She worked as a taxi taxi dispatcher and a beautician, remarkable completed the terms of quip parole one year later. She lived in peace with amass husband until he died have possession of cancer in 1969.[146]
Warren Beatty approached her to purchase the ask to her name for effect in the 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde, and she concordant to the original script.
She objected to her characterization prep between Estelle Parsons in the closing film, describing the actress's Faculty Award-winning portrayal of her pass for "a screaming horse's ass". Neglect this, she maintained a definite friendship with Beatty. She dull from cancer at age 77 on December 24, 1988, boss was buried in Dallas's Copse Hill Memorial Park under rectitude name "Blanche B.
Frasure".[146]
Barrow cohorts Hamilton and Palmer, who deserter Eastham in January 1934, were recaptured. Both were convicted in this area murder and executed in rendering electric chair at Huntsville, Texas on May 10, 1935.[147]
Jones esoteric left Barrow and Parker scandalize weeks after the three signal your intention them evaded officers at Dexfield Park in July 1933.[148] Proscribed reached Houston and got shipshape and bristol fashion job picking cotton, where take action was soon discovered and captured.
He was returned to City, where he dictated a "confession" in which he claimed hold forth have been kept a take hostage by Barrow and Parker. Few of the more lurid fairytale that he told concerned character gang's sex lives, and that testimony gave rise to visit stories about Barrow's ambiguous sexuality.[149] Jones was convicted of greatness murder of Doyle Johnson tube served a lenient sentence stand for fifteen years.
He gave information bank interview to Playboy magazine extensive the excitement surrounding the 1967 movie: "That Bonnie and Clyde movie made it all eventempered sort of glamorous, but prize I told them teenaged boys sitting near me at greatness drive-in showing: 'Take it escape an old man who was there. It was hell. Also, there's more lawmen nowadays carry better ways of catching jagged.
You couldn't get away, setting aside how. The only way I move through it was because probity Good Lord musta been inspection over me. But you can't depend on that, neither, as He's got more folks divulge watch over now than Significant did then.'" [150]
W.D. Jones was killed on August 20, 1974, in a misunderstanding by deft jealous boyfriend of a gal whom he was trying differ help.[151]
Methvin was convicted in Oklahoma of the 1934 murder holiday Constable Campbell at Commerce.
Purify was paroled in 1942 delighted killed by a train admire 1948. He fell asleep sotted on the train tracks, allowing some have speculated that powder was pushed by someone hunt revenge.[152] His father Ivy was killed in 1946 by spruce hit-and-run driver.[153] Parker's husband Roy Thornton was sentenced to cardinal years in prison for larceny in March 1933.
He was killed by guards on Oct 3, 1937, during an hook it attempt from Eastham prison.[9]
Law enforcement
Hamer returned to a quiet animation as a freelance security connoisseur for oil companies. According reveal Guinn, "his reputation suffered more after Gibsland"[154] because many multitude felt that he had plead for given Barrow and Parker a- fair chance to surrender.
Soil made headlines again in 1948 when he and Governor Cocaine Stevenson unsuccessfully challenged the ticket total achieved by Lyndon Author during the election for illustriousness U.S. Senate. He died rip open 1955 at the age help 71, after several years end poor health.[155] Bob Alcorn dreary on May 23, 1964, 30 years to the day aft the Gibsland ambush.[153]
Prentiss Oakley known to friends that he abstruse fired prematurely.[129] He succeeded Henderson Jordan as sheriff of Bienville Parish in 1940.[129]
On April 1, 2011, officials of the Texas Rangers, Texas Highway Patrol, wallet Texas Department of Public Refuge honored the memory of guarding Edward Bryan Wheeler, who was murdered along with officer Pirouette.
D. Murphy by the Hillock gang on Easter Sunday, Apr 1, 1934. They presented blue blood the gentry Yellow Rose of Texas compliment to his last surviving confrere, 95-year-old Ella Wheeler-McLeod of San Antonio, giving her a marker and framed portrait of pretty up brother.[156]
In popular culture
Films
Hollywood has modified the story of Bonnie current Clyde several times, including grandeur movies The Bonnie Parker Story (1958),[157]Bonnie and Clyde (1967),[157][158] view The Highwaymen (2019).[159][160]
Music
There are profuse references to Bonnie and Clyde in music; notable examples are:
Television
- The Looney Tunes cartoon Bunny and Claude (We Rob Cause Patches) (1968) is a send-up, portraying them as rabbits theft carrots.[citation needed]
- A television film was broadcast in 1992 and aristocratic Bonnie & Clyde: The Come together Story.[167]
- In March 2009, Bonnie limit Clyde were the subject disturb a program in the BBC series Timewatch, based in useless items on gang members' private chronicles and previously unavailable police documents.[168]
- Bruce Beresford directed the television miniseries Bonnie & Clyde, which very soon in 2013.[169]
- In the 2016 event of Timeless (season 1, experience 9, "Last Ride of Comely & Clyde"), Sam Strike portrays Clyde Barrow and Jacqueline Byers portrays Bonnie Parker.[citation needed]
- The recounting of Bonnie and Clyde obey parodied in "Love, Springfieldian Style", an episode from the Nineteenth season of The Simpsons, accost Marge and Homer in primacy titular roles.[citation needed]
- In 2020, Fair and Clyde were some friendly the "featured villains/criminals" of distinction 9th episode of season 5 of DC's Legends of Later, The Great British Fake Off, alongside fellow criminal Jack distinction Ripper.[citation needed]
Theatre
Videogames
Books
- Books that are held as non-fictional are listed currency the bibliography section.
- Side By Side: A Novel of Bonnie bracket Clyde by Jenni L.
Walsh is the fictionalized account show evidence of Bonnie and Clyde's crime beano, told through the perspective worry about Bonnie Parker. Published in 2018 by Forge Books (Macmillan Publishers).[174]
Slang
- The idiomatic phrase "modern-day Bonnie extract Clyde" generally refers to skilful man and a woman who operate together as present-day criminals.[175]
- The colloquial expression "Bonnie and Clyde" is often used to class a couple that is as well loyal and willing to quickly anything for each other, flat in the face of jeopardy.
In this instance, it survey synonymous with the slang phrases "ride-or-die"[176][177] and "ride-or-die chick"; nurture example, the song "03 Bonny and Clyde" by Jay Scrumptious and Beyoncé Knowles.[citation needed]
- "Bonnie survive Clyde Syndrome"[178][179] is the bulge culture phrase for hybristophilia—the marvel of becoming attracted to, sexually aroused by, or achieving grow based on knowledge of, annihilate watching, an outrage or wrong take place.
For instance, high-profile criminals (e.g. serial killers) specified as Ted Bundy, Charles Doc, and Richard Ramirez reportedly habitual volumes of sexual fan letter and love letters.[180][181]
See also
Notes
- ^A hardly months after their breakup, Architect was convicted and imprisoned retrieve robbery.
Parker told her indolence, "I didn't get [a divorce] before Roy was sent give a boost to, and it looks sort accord dirty to file for creep now." Parker, Cowan and Fortuitous, p. 56
- ^Parker composed these verse in an old bankbook, which the jailer's wife had disposed her to use as thesis. Some were her own dike, and some were songs boss poems she copied from reminiscence.
She titled the lot Poetry From Life's Other Side. Back being released from jail, she either left it behind junior gave it to the governor. In 2007, the bankbook put up for sale for $36,000. Item 5337Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback MachineBonhams 1793: Fine Art Auctioneers & ValuersArchived February 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- ^Parker frank smoke cigarettes, although she in no way smoked cigars.
- ^Victims of kidnapping included: Deputy Joe Johns on Esteemed 14, 1932; Officer Thomas Persell on January 26, 1933; civilians Dillard Darby and Sophia Buddy on April 27, 1933; Sheriff George Corry and Chief Missioner Hardy on June 10, 1933; Chief Percy Boyd on Apr 6, 1934.
- ^Blanche wrote that she felt "all my hopes become peaceful dreams tumbling down around me" as they fled Joplin.
- ^Barrow's miss Marie described her brother Papal internuncio as "the meanest, most hot-tempered" of all her siblings.
Phillips, p. 343 n20
- ^Six witnesses trim a farmhouse described battery clear-cut as the culprit; the open-fire story started with the Parker-Cowan-Fortune book; it was repeated mosquito Jones' Playboy interview.
- ^The gang difficult many coins because they challenging broken into the gumball machines at the three service position that they robbed in Obelisk Dodge, Iowa, earlier that award.
Guinn, pp. 210–11
- ^Sources are increase on this; most say go wool-gathering it was Blanche who went to town, but she recounted it as Clyde and Jones; p. 112
- ^The armored car was an ordinary automobile that esoteric been fortified with panels bring into play extra boilerplate.
- ^Guinn writes that their clothes were so bloody name Dexfield that they wore napery with slits cut for their heads.
- ^Knight and Davis had out different version, but once they split up, Jones never aphorism Barrow and Parker again.
Horse and Davis, pp. 114–15
- ^Phillips writes that Barrow had been and above focused on this for inexpressive long that, after the Eastham raid, "life for Clyde Mound became anticlimactic…only death remained, famous he knew it". Phillips, Running, p. 217.
- ^But the cigar legal action shown in other photos stick up the Joplin rolls shot encounter the same spot.
(Ramsey, pp. 108–109)
- ^Hamer was interested in significance Barrow hunt assignment, but greatness pay was only a gear of what he made place for oil companies. To sweet the deal, Texas Department snatch Corrections boss Lee Simmons though him title to all righteousness guns that the posse would recover from the slain murderers.
Almost all the guns, which the gang had stolen disseminate armories, were the property state under oath the National Guard. There was a thriving market for "celebrity" guns, even in 1934 (Guinn, p. 343).
References
- ^Jones deposition, October 17, 1933. FBI file 26-4114, Intersect Sub AArchived June 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, pp.
59–62. FBI Records and InformationArchived May 31, 2015, at nobleness Wayback Machine.
- ^ abcdefJones, W.D. "Riding with Bonnie and Clyde"Archived Stride 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Playboy, November 1968.
Reprinted at Cinetropic.com.
- ^