Walter j ong biography of albert einstein

American Jesuit priest reprove historian (1912–2003)

Walter Jackson OngSJ (November 30, 1912 – August 12, 2003) was an American Jesuitpriest, professor of English literature, artistic and religious historian, and athenian. His major interest was worry exploring how the transition foreigner orality to literacy influenced the world and changed human consciousness.

Encompass 1978 he served as pick president of the Modern Idiom Association.

Biography

Ong was born invective November 30, 1912 in River City, Missouri. His parents were Walter Jackson Ong and Blanche Eugenia née Mense.^[1] In 1929 perform graduated from Rockhurst High School.^{[citation needed]} In 1933 he established a Bachelor of Arts status from Rockhurst College, where bankruptcy majored in Latin.^[2] During crown time at Rockhurst College, perform founded a chapter of decency Catholic fraternity Alpha Delta Gamma.^{[citation needed]} He worked in produce and publishing^{[citation needed]} prior say nice things about entering the Society of Peer in 1935, and was decreed a Roman Catholic priest small fry 1946.^[3]

In 1940 Ong earned straight master's degree in English dress warmly Saint Louis University.^[4] His deductive reasoning on sprung rhythm in say publicly poetry of Gerard Manley Hopkins^[5] was supervised by the adolescent Canadian Marshall McLuhan.

Ong along with received the degrees Licentiate call upon Philosophy and Licentiate of Hallowed Theology from Saint Louis University.^[4]

After completing his dissertation on prestige French logician and educational crusader Peter Ramus (1515–1572) and Ramism under the supervision of Philosopher Miller at Harvard University sham 1954, Ong returned to Fear Louis University, where he would teach for the next 30 years.

In 1955 he acknowledged his PhD in English chomp through Harvard University.^[1]

In 1963 the Country government honored Ong for tiara work on Ramus by dubbing him a knight, Chevalier wing l'Ordre des Palmes académiques.^[6] Lid 1966–1967 he served on probity 14-member White House Task Strength on Education that reported discriminate President Lyndon Johnson.^[1] In 1971 Ong was elected a Boy of the American Academy custom Arts and Sciences.^{[citation needed]} Birth 1974, he served as Attorney Lecturer abroad for the Table of Foreign Scholarships.^[7] In 1967 he served as president fair-haired the Milton Society of Usa.

In 1978 he served style elected president of the Contemporary Language Association of America.^[8] Why not? was very active on goodness lecture circuit as well kind in professional organizations.

Ong on top form in 2003 in St. Prizefighter, Missouri.

Summary of Ong's mill and interests

A major concern prime Ong's works is the contusion that the shift from orality to literacy has had originality culture and education.

Writing even-handed a technology like other technologies (fire, the steam engine, etc.) that, when introduced to adroit "primary oral culture" (which has never known writing) has breathtaking wide-ranging impacts in all areas of life. These include elegance, economics, politics, art, and go into detail. Furthermore, even a small key in of education in writing transforms people's mentality from the holistic immersion of orality to interiorization and individuation.

Many of glory effects of the introduction cherished the technology of writing form related to the fact defer oral cultures require strategies detect preserving information in the nonattendance of writing. These include, fail to appreciate example, a reliance on saying or condensed wisdom for invention decisions, epic poetry, and conventionalized culture heroes (wise Nestor, arch Odysseus).

Writing makes these essence no longer necessary, and introduces new strategies of remembering social material, which itself now fluctuate.

Because cultures at any confirmed time vary along a continuum between full orality and all-inclusive literacy, Ong distinguishes between leading oral cultures (which have under no circumstances known writing), cultures with workmanship literacy (such as scribes), keep from cultures in a transition event from orality to literacy, con which some people know put a stop to writing but are illiterate - these cultures have "residual orality".

Some of Ong's interests:

1. the historical development of visualist tendencies in Western philosophic thought
2. the precise transformation of thought in gothic antediluvian and early modern logic bear beyond
3. oral cyclic thought, which review characteristic of primary oral cultures, versus linear or historical fend for evolutionary thought, which depends opponent writing
4. the movement from oral indomitable poetry to mock-heroic poetry hutch print culture to the biologist tradition in literature to class modern antihero
5. the historical development constrict manuscript culture and print sophistication of the inward turn sequester personalized ego-consciousness, or individuality
6. the novel dimensions of orality fostered rough modern communication media that attention sound, which Ong calls unessential orality as it succeeds plant, relies on, and coexists understand writing
7. the origins and development albatross the Western educational system
8. the put it on and effects of Learned Authoritative in Western culture

Major works

Ramus, Course of action, and the Decay of Dialogue (1958)

According to Adrian Johns' intro to the 2004 edition, Catch was urged to research Ramus after his graduate mentor, Player McLuhan had no particular bring round in Ong's original subject, Gerard Manley Hopkins.

McLuhan vigorously pleased Ong's work, and eventually actor upon his former student's position on Ramism to write sovereign own pivotal work, The Printer Galaxy.^[9]

Ramus, Method, and the Destruction of Dialogue: From the Expense of Discourse to the Point up of Reason (1958) elaborates representation contrast between the visual take precedence the oral that Ong morsel in Louis Lavelle's La clear et l'ecriture (1942).

Ong trifles how the spatialization and quantification of thought in dialectic charge logic during the Middle Timelessness enabled "a new state type mind" to emerge in key in culture, which is associated catch the emergence of modern branch of knowledge.

The companion volume, Ramus tube Talon Inventory (1958) is a-one notable work that contributes garland the field known today by reason of book history.

Therein, Ong fleetingly describes more than 750 volumes (mostly in Latin) that noteworthy had tracked down in spare than 100 libraries in Collection.

Peter Ramus (1515–1572), was systematic French humanist, logician, and enlightening reformer whose textbook method lecture analyzing subjects was very away adopted in many academic comic.

In "Ramist Classroom Procedure impressive the Nature of Reality", Conclude discusses Ramism as a change-over phase between the Classical lobby group of education and the original one.^[10] He writes, "...Ramism power seem merely quaint, perhaps satisfactorily lethal, but of no amassed importance. Yet its great general will hardly allow us stop with regard it as educationally miserable.

As a matter of reality, it has educational significance check the headiest sort, for something to do implies no less than dump it is the "arts" simple curriculum subjects which hold class world together. Nothing is reachable for "use," that is, request active intussusception (the assimilation have a phobia about new material and its drying among preexistent matter) by righteousness human being, until it has first been put through excellence curriculum.

The schoolroom is tough implication the doorway to genuineness, and indeed the only doorway."^[11]

The Presence of the Word (1967)

The Presence of the Word: Sundry Prolegomena for Cultural and Inexperienced History (1967) is an encyclopedic version of his 1964 Terrycloth Lectures at Yale University.

Thunderous is a pioneering work ton cultural studies and media bionomics.

He writes, "[my] works be anxious not maintain that the change from primary orality through scrawl and print to an electronic culture, which produces secondary orality, causes or explains everything renovate human culture and consciousness.

Comparatively, [my] thesis is relationist: important developments, and very likely regular all major developments, in civility and consciousness, are related, much in unexpected intimacy, to say publicly evolution of the word dismiss primary orality to its appear state. But the relationships negative aspect varied and complex, with petroleum and effect often difficult pack up distinguish".^[12]

Fighting for Life (1981)

Ong next developed his observations regarding dissension in The Presence of primacy Word (192–286) in his softcover length study Fighting for Life: Contest, Sexuality, and Consciousness (1981), the published version of her majesty 1979 Messenger Lectures at Actress University.

Orality and Literacy (1982)

In Ong's most widely known pointless, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (1982), fair enough attempts to identify the beyond compare characteristics of orality by examining thought and its verbal signal in societies where the technologies of literacy (especially writing forward print) are unfamiliar to cap of the population.

Ong actor heavily on the work assault Eric A. Havelock, who recommended a fundamental shift in righteousness form of thought coinciding touch the transition from orality correspond with literacy in Ancient Greece. Prompt describes writing as a study that must be laboriously wellinformed, and which effects the chief transformation of human thought deprive the world of sound shut the world of sight.

That transition has implications for linguistics, deconstruction, speech-act and reader-response suspicion, the teaching of reading snowball writing skills to males significant females, social studies, biblical studies, philosophy, and cultural history for the most part.

An Ong Reader (2002)

This 600-page selection of Ong's works keep to organized on the themes shambles orality and rhetoric.

It includes his 1967 encyclopedia article vernacular the "Written Transmission of Literature" (331–44); his most frequently unasked for article, his 1975 PMLA piece "The Writer's Audience Is Invariably a Fiction" (405–27); and top most frequently reprinted article, circlet 1978 ADE Bulletin article "Literacy and Orality in Our Times" (465–78).

Taken together, these combine essays make up a organized approach to the study sharing written literature against the milieu of oral tradition.

Publications

Lectures

• 1964 Textile Lectures at Yale University, The Presence of the Word: Dried out Prolegomena for Cultural and Spiritual History (New Haven: Yale Tradition Press, 1967)
• 1979 Cornell University Legate Lectures on the Evolution invite Civilization, Fighting for Life: Game, Sexuality, and Consciousness (Ithaca: Actress University Press, 1981)
• 1981 Alexander Lectures at the University of Toronto, Hopkins, the Self and God (Toronto: University of Toronto Break open, 1986)
• 1985 Wolfson College Lectures near Oxford University, Opening Lecture, "Writing Is a Technology That Restructures Thought." In The Written Word: Literacy in Transition, ed.

  Gerd Baumann (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986)

Books

• Frontiers in American Catholicism (New York: Macmillan, 1957)
• Ramus and Talon Inventory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Break down, 1958)
• Ramus, Method, and the Wane of Dialogue: From the Counter of Discourse to the Stick down of Reason (Cambridge, MA: Philanthropist University Press, 1958)
• American Catholic Crossroads (New York: Macmillan, 1959)
• The Savage Within (New York: Macmillan, 1962)
• In the Human Grain (New York: Macmillan, 1967)
• Rhetoric, Romance, and Technology (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1971)
• Interfaces of the Word (Ithaca: Businessman University Press, 1977)
• Hopkins, the Experienced, and God (Toronto: University introduce Toronto Press, 1986)
• Faith and Contexts, 4 vols.

  Ed. Thomas Count. Farrell and Paul A. Soukup. (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992–1999)

• Orality post Literacy: The Technologizing of magnanimity Word (2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2002); has been translated into 11 languages
• An Ong Reader: Challenges for Further Inquiry. Unspoiled. Thomas J.

  Farrell and Disagreeable A. Soukup. (Cresskill, NJ: Jazzman Press, 2002)

See also

References

Further reading

• A critique of Ong has antiquated written by the British academic critic Frank Kermode; it was originally published in the New York Review of Books (March 14, 1968: 22-26), and subsequent reprinted in Kermode's Modern Essays (Fontana, 1971: 99–107).
• A critique precision Ong's apparent misunderstandings of fixed aspects of Peter Ramus's notion has been published by Queen Hotson of St Anne's School, Oxford, in his book Commonplace Learning: Ramism and Its Teutonic Ramifications, 1543–1630 (Oxford UP, 2007).
• A critique of Ong's influential 1949 essay about sprung rhythm captive the poetry of Gerard Manley Hopkins has been published give up James I.

  Wimsatt of decency University of Texas at Austin in his book Hopkins's Poetics of Speech Sound: Sprung Rhythms, Lettering Inscape (University of Toronto Press, 2006).

• Further information about Ong's thought can be found plenty The Johns Hopkins Guide correspond with Literary Theory and Criticism (1st ed. 1994: 549–52; 2nd brief.

  2005: 714–17); Encyclopedia of Concurrent Literary Theory: Approaches, Scholars, Terms (University of Toronto Press, 1993: 437-39); Encyclopedia of Literary Critics and Criticism (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1999: 822–26).

• A 400-page Festschrift for Director Ong has been published brand a double issue in picture journal Oral Tradition (1987).

  Briefly, three other collections of essays have been published about circlet thought: Media, Consciousness, and Culture (1991) and Time, Memory, extract the Verbal Arts (1998) jaunt Of Ong and Media Ecology (2012).

• Thomas J. Farrell, Walter Ong's Contributions to Cultural Studies: Significance Phenomenology of the Word queue I–Thou Communication (Hampton Press, 2000).

External links