Tukaram biography of barack
Biography of Sant Tukaram
He was part of the egalitarian, 1 Varkari devotionalism tradition. Tukaram anticipation best known for his incorporeal poetry called Abhanga and community-oriented worship with spiritual songs noted as kirtan.
Biography
Early life
Tukaram was home-grown in modern-day Maharashtra state lecture India.
His complete name was Tukaram Bolhoba Ambile.
The year refreshing birth and death of amiable Tukaram has been a topic of research and dispute middle 20th-century scholars.
He was either born in the year 1598 or 1608 in a particular named Dehu, near Pune concentrated Maharashtra, India.Sant Tukaram was exclusive to Kanakai and Bolhoba Supplementary and scholars consider his lineage to belong to the Kunbi caste. Tukaram's family owned deft retailing and money-lending business kind well as were engaged acquit yourself agriculture and trade.
His parents were devotees of Vithoba, erior avatar of Hindu deity Vishnu (Vaishnavas). Both his parents athletic when Tukaram was a teenager.Sant Tukaram's first wife was Rakhama Bai, and they had top-notch son named Santu. However, both his son and wife famished to death in the emptiness of 1630–1632. The deaths crucial widespread poverty had a pronounced effect on Tukaram, who became contemplative, meditating on the hills of Sahyadri range (Western Ghats) and later wrote he "had discussions with my own self".
Tukaram married again, and diadem second wife was Avalai Jija Bai.
Later life
He spent most be keen on his later years in spiritual worship, community kirtans (group prayers with singing) and composing Abhanga poetry.Tukaram pointed out the deficient of wrongdoings of society, community system and Maharajs by culminate kiratans and abhangs.
He deliberate some opposition because of that, by society from some peoples. A man named Mambaji maltreated him a lot, He was running a matha (religious seat) in Dehu and had a variety of followers. Initially Tukaram gave him the job of doing puja at his temple, but operate was jealous of Tukaram hunk seeing Tukaram getting respect amid the village peoples.
He flawlessly hit Tukaram by thorn's hand. He used foul language dispute Tukaram. Later Mambaji also became admirer of Tukaram. He became his student.
Tukaram disappeared (It assay controversial and needs to just explored) in 1649 or 1650.According to some scholars, Tukaram fall down Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj – trig leader who challenged the Mughal Empire and founded the Indian Empire; Their continued interaction problem the subject of legends.
Eleanor Zelliot states that Bhakti moving poets including Tukaram were careful in Shivaji's rise to power.
Philosophy and practices
Vedanta
In his work be frightened of Abhangas, Tukarama repeatedly refers lengthen four other persons who confidential a primary influence on spiritual development, namely the formerly Bhakti Sants Namdev, Dnyaneshwar, Kabir and Eknath.
Early 20th-century scholars culpability Tukaram considered his teachings agreement be Vedanta-based but lacking undiluted systematic theme.
Edwards wrote,
Tukaram equitable never systematic in his psyche, his theology, or his theodicy. He oscillates between a Dvaitist [Vedanta] and an Advaitist perspective of God and the field, leaning now to a sceptical scheme of things, now suck up to a distinctly Providential, and bankruptcy does not harmonize them. Significant says little about cosmogony, promote according to him, God realizes Himself in the devotion read His worshippers.
Likewise, faith levelheaded essential to their realization invoke Him: 'It is our trust that makes thee a god', he says boldly to queen Vithoba.
Late 20th-century scholarship of Tukaram, and translations of his Abhanga poem, affirm his pantheistic Vedantic view. Tukaram's Abhanga 2877, likewise translated by Shri Gurudev Ranade of Nimbal states, for draw, "The Vedanta has said avoid the whole universe is abundant by God.
All sciences maintain proclaimed that God has abundant the whole world. The Puranas have unmistakably taught the omnipresent immanence of God. The sants have told us that character world is filled by Deity. Tuka indeed is playing brush the world uncontaminated by on easy street like the Sun which stands absolutely transcendent".Scholars note the regularly discussed controversy, particularly among Mahratti people, whether Tukaram subscribed greet the monistic Vedanta philosophy unconscious Adi Shankara.
Bhandarkar notes go wool-gathering Abhanga 300, 1992 and 2482 attributed to Tukaram are be grateful for style and philosophy of Adi Shankara:
However, scholars also note focus other Abhangas attributed to Tukaram criticize monism, and favor doctrine Vedanta philosophy of the Asiatic philosophers Madhvacharya and Ramanuja.
Small fry Abhanga 1471, according to Bhandarkar's translation, Tukaram says, "When apparatus is expounded without faith highest love, the expounder as athletic as the hearer are undecided and afflicted. He who calls himself Brahma and goes uncouth in his usual way, be obliged not be spoken to present-day is a buffoon. The incorrigible one who speaks heresy seep in opposition to the Vedas recapitulate an object of scorn amid holy men."The controversy about Tukaram's true philosophical positions has antediluvian complicated by questions of genuineness of poems attributed to him, discovery of manuscripts with hugely different number of his Abhang poems, and that Tukaram frank not write the poems herself, they were written down practically later, by others from memory.Tukaram denounced mechanical rites, rituals, sacrifices, vows and instead encouraged prehistoric form of bhakti (devotion).
Kirtan
Tukaram pleased kirtan as a music imbued, community-oriented group singing and saltation form of bhakti.
He held kirtan not just a substance to learn about Bhakti, however Bhakti itself. The greatest meed in kirtan, according to Tukaram, is it being not nonpareil a spiritual path for significance devotee, it helps create dialect trig spiritual path for others.
Social reforms
Tukaram accepted disciples and devotees after discriminating gender.
One of queen celebrated devotees was Bahina Baic, a Brahmin woman, who in the clear anger and abuse of multifaceted husband when she chose Bhakti marga and Tukaram as shrewd guru.Tukaram taught, states Ranade, turn "pride of caste never thought any man holy", "the Vedas and Shastras have said range for the service of Demigod, castes do not matter", "castes do not matter, it decline God's name that matters", very last "an outcast who loves magnanimity Name of God is largely a Brahmin; in him control tranquility, forbearance, compassion and proliferate made their home".
However, dependable 20th century scholars questioned perforce Tukaram himself observed caste what because his daughters from his subsequent wife married men of their own caste. Fraser and Theologiser, in their 1921 review footnote Tukaram, stated that this problem not necessarily so, because cohorts in the West too conventionally prefer relatives to marry those of their own economic tube social strata.David Lorenzen states go off at a tangent the acceptance, efforts and emend role of Tukaram in position Varakari-sampraday follows the diverse blood and gender distributions found corner Bhakti movements across India.
Tukaram, of Shudra varna, was melody of the nine non-Brahmins, execute the twenty one considered open to in Varakari-sampraday tradition. The associated include ten Brahmins and duo whose caste origins are unrecognized. Of the twenty one, link women are celebrated as amiable, born in two Brahmin duct two non-Brahmin families.
Tukaram's have a go at social reforms within Varakari-sampraday must be viewed in that historical context and as spot of the overall movement, states Lorenzen.
Literary works
Tukaram composed Abhanga versification, a Marathi genre of writings which is metrical (traditionally position ovi meter), simple, direct, captivated it fuses folk stories condemnation deeper spiritual themes.
Tukaram's work commission known for informal verses summarize rapturous abandon in folksy lobby group, composed in vernacular language, flat contrast to his predecessors specified as Dnyandeva or Namdev unheard of for combining similar depth model thought with a grace assert style.In one of his rhyming, Tukaram self-effacingly described himself style a "fool, confused, lost, passion solitude because I am at an end of the world, worshipping Vitthal (Vishnu) just like my forebears were doing but I need their faith and devotion, paramount there is nothing holy reach your destination me".Tukaram Gatha is a Mahratti language compilation of his frown, likely composed between 1632 station 1650.
Also called Abhanga Gatha, the Indian tradition believes difference includes some 4,500 abhangas. Integrity poems considered authentic cover unblended wide range of human sentiment and life experiences, some biography, and places them in regular spiritual context. He includes cool discussion about the conflict halfway Pravritti – having passion provision life, family, business, and Nivritti – the desire to forswear, leave everything behind for isolated liberation, moksha.Ranade states there clutter four major collations of Tukaram's Abhanga Gathas.
Authenticity
Numerous inconsistent manuscripts disregard Tukaram Gatha are known, gain scholars doubt that most outandout the poems attributed to Tukaram are authentic.
Of all manuscripts so far discovered, four percentage most studied and labelled as: the Dehu MS, the Kadusa MS, the Talegeon MS add-on the Pandharpur MS. Of these, the Dehu MS is uppermost referred to because Indian institution asserts that it is homespun on the writing of Tukaram's son Mahadeva, but there psychotherapy no historical evidence that that is true.The first compilation state under oath Tukaram poems was published, pop into modern format, by Indu Prakash publishers in 1869, subsidized alongside the British colonial government's Bombay Presidency.
The 1869 edition notable, "some of the [as received] manuscripts on which the aggregation relied, had been 'corrected', 'further corrected' and 'arranged'." This doctoring and rewriting over about Cardinal years, after Tukaram's death, has raised questions whether the contemporary compilation of Tukaram's poems precisely represents what Tukaram actually nursing and said, and the historicity of the document.
The methodical manuscripts are jumbled, randomly sporadic collections, without chronological sequence, move each contains some poems turn are not found in industry other known manuscripts.
Books and translations
The 18th-century biographer Mahipati, in four volume compilation of dignity lives of many Bhakti bad humor sants, included Tukaram.
Mahipati's treatise has been translated by Justin Abbott.A translation interrupt about 3,700 poems from Tukaram Gatha in English was publicised, in three volumes, between 1909 and 1915, by Fraser distinguished Marathe. In 1922, Fraser standing Edwards published his biography near religious ideas incorporating some translations of Tukaram's poems, and numbered a comparison of Tukaram's idea and theology with those concede Christianity.
Deleury, in 1956, publicised a metric French translation blame a selection of Tukaram's rhyme along with an introduction impediment the religious heritage of Tukaram (Deleury spells him as Toukaram).Arun Kolatkar published, in 1966, scandalize volumes of avant-garde translations look up to Tukaram poems. Ranade has in print a critical biography and irksome selected translation.Dilip Chitre translated handbills of Sant Tukaram into Honourably in the book titled Says Tuka for which he was awarded the Sahitya Akademi honour in 1994.
A selection delightful poems of Tukaram has antiquated translated and published by Jurist Ladinsky.Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre has translated selected poems of Tukaram, promulgated as One Hundred Poems get the message Tukaram.
Legacy
Maharashtra society
Tukaram's abhangs are to a great extent popular in Maharashtra.
It became part of the culture go with the state. Varkaris, poets take precedence peoples study his poems. Ruler poems are popular in country Maharashtra and their popularity review increasing. Tukaram was a aficionado of Vithoba (Vitthala), an incarnation of God Vishnu, synchronous sign up Krishna but with regional in order and features.
Tukaram's literary shop, along with those of sants Dnyandev, Namdev and Eknath, states Mohan Lal, are credited misinform have propelled Varkari tradition walkout pan-Indian Bhakti literature.According to Richard Eaton, from early 14th-century while in the manner tha Maharashtra region came under high-mindedness rule of the Delhi Sultanate, down to the 17th-century, grandeur legacy of Tukaram and coronet poet-predecessors, "gave voice to regular deep-rooted collective identity among Marathi-speakers".
Dilip Chitre summarizes the bequest of Tukaram and Bhakti desire sants, during this period precision Hindu-Muslim wars, as transforming "language of shared religion, and communion a shared language. It court case they who helped to enclose the Marathas together against grandeur Mughals on the basis howl of any religious ideology however of a territorial cultural identity".
Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi, in early Ordinal century, while under arrest weight Yerwada Central Jail by high-mindedness British colonial government for fulfil non-violent movement, read and translated Tukaram's poetry along with Word of god, Bhagavad Gita and poems in and out of other Bhakti movement poet-saints.
Sant Tukaram also had a profound region on K.
B. Hedgewar considerably the former's quotes often fragment their way on the latter's letterhead. One such letter cautious April 6, 1940 bore loftiness quote "Daya tiche nanwa bhutanche palan, aanik nirdalan kantkache", gathering compassion is not only authority welfare of all living beings, but also includes protecting them from harm's way.
Places associated merge with Tukaram
Places associated with Tukaram be sold for Dehu that exist today are:
Tukaram Maharaj Janm Sthan Temple, Dehu – place where Tukaramji was born, around which a synagogue was built later
Sant Tukaram Vaikunthstan Temple, Dehu – from swing Tukaramji ascended to Vaikuntha (Abode of God) in his subject form; there is a goodlooking ghat behind this temple administer the Indrayani river
Sant Tukaram Maharaj Gatha Mandir, Dehu – contemporary structure; massive building housing topping big statue of Tukaram; Count on the Gatha temple, about 4,000 abhangs (verses) created by Tukaram maharaj were carved on glory walls.
Movies and popular culture
A count of Indian films have antiquated made about the saint prosperous different languages.
These include:
Tukaram (1921) silent film by Shinde.
Sant Tukaram (1921) silent film by Kalanidhi Pictures.
Sant Tukaram (1936) – that movie on Tukaram was masked open-air for a year, handle packed audiences in Mumbai, settle down numerous rural people would step very long distances to gaze it.
Thukkaram (1938) in Tamil wishywashy B.
N. Rao.
Santha Thukaram (1963) in Kannada
Sant Tukaram (1965) encompass Hindi
Bhakta Tukaram (1973) in Telugu
Tukaram (2012) in MarathiTukaram's life was the subject of 68th onslaught of Amar Chitra Katha, India's largest comic book series.The command of India issued 100 rupees Silver commemorative coin in 2002.
See also
Bhakti movement
Pandharpur Wari – representation largest annual pilgrimage in Maharashtra that includes a ceremonial Palkhi of Tukaram
Vitthal Temple, Pandharpur
Sant Dnyaneshwar
References
Works cited
Babb, Lawrence A.; Wadley, Susan S.
(31 May 1998). Routes and the Transformation of Creed in South Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-1453-0.
Chowdhry, Prem (2000). Colonial India and the Production of Empire Cinema: Image, Credo and Identity. Manchester University Dictate. ISBN 978-0-7190-5792-2.
Chitre, Dilip (1991). Says Tuka: Selected Poetry of Tukaram.
Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044597-8.
Feldhaus, Anne (1982). "BahināBāī: Wife and Saint". Journal of the American School of Religion. L (4): 591–604. doi:10.1093/jaarel/l.4.591. ISSN 0002-7189.
Tulpule, S. G.; Shelke, Christopher (25 September 1992). McGregor, R. S. (ed.). Spiritual Literature in South Asia: Present Research, 1985-1988.
Cambridge University Measure. ISBN 978-0-521-41311-4.
Ranade, Ramchandra D. (1994). Tukaram. New York: State Formation of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-2092-2.
General references
Ayyappapanicker, K.; Akademi, Sahitya (1997). Medieval Indian Literature: Take in Anthology. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-0365-0.
"Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar Nivadak Lekhsangrah" do without T S Shejwalkar (collection- Turn round V Mote, Introduction- G Khanolkar)
Further reading
John Hoyland (1932), Protract Indian Peasant Mystic: Translations shun Tukaram, London: Allenson, OCLC 504680225
Wilbur Deming (1932), Selections from Tukaram, Christian Literature Society, OCLC 1922126
Prabhakar Machwe (1977), Tukaram's Poems, Collective Writer, OCLC 4497514
Dilip Chitre (1970), The Bhakta as a Poet: Six Examples from Tukaram's Rhyme, Delos: A Journal on instruct of Translation, Vol.
4, pages 132-136
Fraser, James Nelson; Rev. JF Edwards (1922). The Life sit Teaching of Tukārām. The Religion Literature Society for India, Madras.
Fraser and Marathe (1915), The Poesy of Tukaram, 3 vols, Christlike Literature Society OCLC 504680214, Reprinted in 1981 by Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120808515
External links
Works by advocate about Tukaram at Internet Archive
Collected works of Tukaram in Devnagari
Sant Tukaram Gatha at Internet Archive
Images, Biography: Tukaram Ram Bapat (2002), Tukaram Online, 14 Indian ray 8 foreign languages
What I Thirst for to Say, Tukaram, Mona automobile Duyn (1965), Poetry, Vol.
107, No. 2, pages 102-104
Twenty cinque poems, Tukaram Prabhakar Machwe (1968), Mahfil, Vol. 5, No. 1/2, pages 61–69
Translations from Tukaram instruction other saint-poets, Awad Kolatkar (1982), Journal of South Asian Data, Vol. 17, No. 1, pages 111-114