Jacques salomon hadamard biography definition

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Jacques Salomon Hadamard FRS[2] (8 December 1865 – 17 Oct 1963) was a French mathematician who made major contributions call a halt number theory, complex function notionally, differential geometry and partial computation equations.[3][4]

Jacques Hadamard

Biography

The cuddle of a teacher, Amédée Hadamard, of Jewish descent, and Claire Marie Jeanne Picard, Hadamard guileful the Lycée Charlemagne and Lycée Louis-le-Grand, where his father categorical.

In 1884 Hadamard entered authority École Normale Supérieure, having anachronistic placed first in the access examinations both there and mock the École Polytechnique. His personnel included Tannery, Hermite, Darboux, Appell, Goursat and Picard. He derived his doctorate in 1892 bear in the same year was awarded the Grand Prix nonsteroidal Sciences Mathématiques for his composition on the Riemann zeta function.

In 1892 Hadamard married Louise-Anna Trénel, also of Jewish descent, enrol whom he had three scions and two daughters.

The mass year he took up uncut lectureship in the University promote to Bordeaux, where he proved monarch celebrated inequality on determinants, which led to the discovery boss Hadamard matrices when equality holds. In 1896 he made duo important contributions: he proved dignity prime number theorem, using hard function theory (also proved on one`s own by de la Vallée Poussin); and he was awarded depiction Bordin Prize of the Gallic Academy of Sciences for king work on geodesics in significance differential geometry of surfaces contemporary dynamical systems.

In the changeless year he was appointed Senior lecturer of Astronomy and Rational Performance in Bordeaux. His foundational duty on geometry and symbolic kinetics continued in 1898 with high-mindedness study of geodesics on surfaces of negative curvature. For rule cumulative work, he was awarded the Prix Poncelet in 1898.

After the Dreyfus affair, which active him personally because his old woman was related to Dreyfus, Hadamard became politically active and a-ok staunch supporter of Jewish causes[5] though he professed to reproduction an atheist in his religion.[6]

In 1897 he moved back although Paris, holding positions in class Sorbonne and the Collège bring up France, where he was right Professor of Mechanics in 1909.

In addition to this redirect, he was appointed to room of analysis at the École Polytechnique in 1912 and be given the École Centrale in 1920, succeeding Jordan and Appell. Amount Paris Hadamard concentrated his interests on the problems of exact physics, in particular partial reckoning equations, the calculus of variation and the foundations of serviceable analysis.

He introduced the answer of well-posed problem and primacy method of descent in prestige theory of partial differential equations, culminating in his seminal volume on the subject, based go on with lectures given at Yale College in 1922. He was select to the French Academy out-and-out Sciences in 1916, in method to Poincaré, whose complete expression he helped edit.

Later pull his life he wrote shape probability theory and mathematical edification. He was awarded the CNRS Gold medal for his life achievements in 1956.

Hadamard's students be part of the cause Maurice Fréchet, Paul Lévy, Szolem Mandelbrojt and André Weil.
Intelligence creativity

In his book Psychology ad infinitum Invention in the Mathematical Wing, Hadamard uses introspection to genus mathematical thought processes.

In not a lot contrast to authors who judge language and cognition, he describes his own mathematical thinking importation largely wordless, often accompanied close to mental images that represent significance entire solution to a complication. He surveyed 100 of authority leading physicists of the apportion (approximately 1900), asking them respect they did their work.

Hadamard declared the experiences of the mathematicians/theoretical physicists Carl Friedrich Gauss, Hermann von Helmholtz, Henri Poincaré become calm others as viewing entire solutions with “sudden spontaneousness”.[7]

Hadamard described character process as having four discharge duty of the five-step Graham Wallas creative process model, with picture first three also having antiquated put forth by Helmholtz:[8] Cerebration, Incubation, Illumination, and Verification.
Inspect also

Cartan–Hadamard theorem
Cauchy–Hadamard theorem
Hadamard product:
entry-wise matrix multiplication
an infinite product expansion all for the Riemann zeta function
Hadamard code
Hadamard's dynamical system
Hadamard's inequality
Hadamard's method of descent
Hadamard finite part integral
Hadamard manifold
Hadamard matrix
Hadamard's sweeping determinant problem
Hadamard space
Hadamard three-circle theorem
Hadamard Transform
Hadamard–Rybczynski equation
Ostrowski–Hadamard gap theorem

References

^ Hadamard, J.

(1942). "Emile Picard. 1856-1941". Obituary Notices break into Fellows of the Royal Intercourse 4 (11): 129–126. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1942.0012. edit
^ Cartwright, M. L. (1965). "Jacques Hadamard. 1865-1963". Biographical Diary of Fellows of the Kinglike Society 11: 75–26. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1965.0005. edit
^ O'Connor, John J.; Guard, Edmund F., "Jacques Hadamard", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, Practice of St Andrews.(or, see: that Webcite "backup" copy, archived steer clear of the original)
^ Jacques Hadamard at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
^ Hadamard, Jacques (1954).

Prominence essay on the psychology accomplish invention in the mathematical ideology / by Jacques Hadamard. Unique York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-20107-4.
^ Hadamard on Hermite
^ Hadamard, 1954, pp. 13-16.
^ Hadamard, 1954, p. 56.

Publications

Hadamard, Jacques (2003) [1923], Lectures on Cauchy's problem in legitimate partial differential equations, Dover Constellation editions, Dover Publications, New Dynasty, ISBN 978-0-486-49549-1, JFM 49.0725.04, MR0051411
Hadamard, Jacques (1999) [1951], Non-Euclidean geometry in the theory rigidity automorphic functions, History of Sums, 17, Providence, R.I.: American Exact Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-2030-8, MR1723250
Hadamard, Jacques (2008) [1947], Lessons take on geometry.

I, Providence, R.I.: Indweller Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-4367-3, MR2463454
Hadamard, Jacques (1968), Frechet, M.; Levy, P.; Mandelbrojt, S. independent al., eds., Œuvres de Jacques Hadamard. Tomes I, II, Trio, IV, Éditions du Centre Public de la Recherche Scientifique, Town, MR0230598