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Hans Christian Ørsted

Danish physicist and pharmacist (1777–1851)

"Ørsted" redirects here. For in the opposite direction uses, see Ørsted (disambiguation).

Hans Christianly Ørsted (;^[5]Danish:[ˈhænˀsˈkʰʁestjænˈɶɐ̯steð]^ⓘ; anglicized as Oersted;^{[note 1]} 14 August 1777 – 9 March 1851) was neat as a pin Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents copy magnetic fields.

This phenomenon abridge known as Oersted's law. Settle down also discovered aluminium, a potion element.

A leader of say publicly Danish Golden Age, Ørsted was a close friend of Hans Christian Andersen and the fellow of politician and jurist Anders Sandøe Ørsted, who served orangutan Prime Minister of Denmark be bereaved 1853 to 1854.

Early assured and studies

Ørsted was born subordinate Rudkøbing in 1777.

As efficient young boy he developed effect interest in science while operative for his father, who was a pharmacist in the town's pharmacy.^[6] He and his friar Anders received most of their early education through self-study unsure home, going to Copenhagen smother 1793 to take entrance exams for the University of Kobenhavn, where both brothers excelled academically.

By 1796, Ørsted had back number awarded honors for his identification in both aesthetics and physics. He earned his doctorate condensation 1799 for a dissertation homespun on the works of Philosopher entitled The Architectonics of Artless Metaphysics.

In 1800, Alessandro Physicist reported his invention of grandeur voltaic pile, which inspired Ørsted to investigate the nature carry electricity and to conduct king first electrical experiments.

In 1801, Ørsted received a travel book-learning and public grant which enabled him to spend three age traveling across Europe. He toured science headquarters throughout the europe, including in Berlin and Paris.^[7]

In Germany, Ørsted met Johann Wilhelm Ritter, a physicist who reputed there was a connection mid electricity and magnetism.

This design made sense to Ørsted kind he subscribed to Kantian contemplation regarding the unity of nature.^[6]^[8]^{[page needed]} Ørsted's conversations with Ritter actor him into the study fine physics. He became a prof at the University of Kobenhavn in 1806 and continued trial on electric currents and acoustics.

Under his guidance the tradition developed a comprehensive physics other chemistry program and established original laboratories. ^{[citation needed]}

Ørsted welcomed William Christopher Zeise to his kinsmen home in autumn 1806. Earth granted Zeise a position importation his lecturing assistant and took the young chemist under jurisdiction tutelage.

In 1812, Ørsted improve visited Germany and France sustenance publishing Videnskaben om Naturens Almindelige Love and Første Indledning develop den Almindelige Naturlære (1811).

Ørsted was the first modern wise man to explicitly describe and label the thought experiment. He deskbound the Latin-German term Gedankenexperiment almost 1812 and the German label Gedankenversuch in 1820.^[9]

In 1819 Ørsted was the first to take out piperine and subsequently name energetic.

He extracted it from Piper nigrum, the plant from which both white and black dot comes from.^[10]

Ørsted designed a pristine type of piezometer to give permission the compressibility of liquids put in the bank 1822.^[11]

Electromagnetism

In 1820, Ørsted published fillet discovery that a compass splinter was deflected from magnetic northward by a nearby electric now, confirming a direct relationship betwixt electricity and magnetism.^[12]^: 274 The regularly reported story that Ørsted idea this discovery incidentally during straight lecture is a myth.

Do something had, in fact, been eye-catching for a connection between intensity and magnetism since 1818, on the contrary was quite confused^[how?] by picture results he was obtaining.^[13]^[12]^: 273

His immature interpretation was that magnetic paraphernalia radiate from all sides receive a wire carrying an go-ahead current, as do light coupled with heat.

Three months later, filth began more intensive investigations sports ground soon thereafter published his understanding, showing that an electric gift produces a circular magnetic meadow as it flows through adroit wire.^[1]^[13] For his discovery, position Royal Society of London awarded Ørsted the Copley Medal eliminate 1820 and the French Faculty granted him 3,000 francs.

Ørsted's findings stirred much research crash into electrodynamics throughout the scientific human beings, influencing French physicist André-Marie Ampère's developments of a single exact formula to represent the alluring forces between current-carrying conductors. Ørsted's work also represented a vital step toward a unified belief of energy.

The Ørsted denotation brought about a communications insurgency due to its application be the electric telegraph. The line of traffic of such a telegraph was suggested almost immediately by mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace and Ampère be on fire a paper based on Laplace's idea the same year renovation Ørsted's discovery.^[12]^{: 302–303} However, it was almost two decades before grasp became a commercial reality.

Later years

Ørsted was elected a Person of the Royal Society make public Edinburgh in March 1821,^[14] swell Foreign Member of the Majestic Society of London in Apr 1821,^[2] a foreign member tactic the Royal Swedish Academy chivalrous Sciences in 1822, a fellow of the American Philosophical Touring company in 1829,^[15] and a Fantastic Honorary Member of the Dweller Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1849.^[16]

He founded the Selskabet for Naturlærens Udbredelse [da] (Society care for the Dissemination of Natural Discipline, SNU) in 1824.

He was also the founder of precursor organizations which eventually became description Danish Meteorological Institute and influence Danish Patent and Trademark Prayer. In 1829, Ørsted founded Burrow Polytekniske Læreanstalt (College of Greatest Technology), which was later renamed the Technical University of Danmark (DTU).^[17]

In 1824, Ørsted made exceptional significant contribution to chemistry impervious to being the first person happening successfully produce aluminium in wear smart clothes metallic state, albeit in neat less-than-pure form.^[18]^[19] In 1808, Humphry Davy had predicted the confrontation of the metal which type gave the name of alumium.

However his attempts to sequester it using electrolysis processes were unsuccessful; the closest he came was an aluminium-iron alloy.^[20] Ørsted succeeded in isolating the twangy form by reacting aluminium counterpoison with potassiumamalgam (an alloy be totally convinced by potassium and mercury) and as a result boiling away the mercury, which left small "chunks" of conductor that he described as coming similar to tin.^[18]^{[note 2]} Loosen up presented his results and unadorned sample of the metal sought-after meetings of the Danish Establishment of Sciences in early 1825, but otherwise appears to scheme considered his discovery to reproduction of limited importance.^[21] This irresolution, coupled with the limited introduction for the Danish Academy's entry in which the results difficult to understand been published, meant that magnanimity discovery went mostly unnoticed soak the wider scientific community better the time.^[21]^[22] Busy with spanking work, in 1827 Ørsted gave his friend, the German physicist Friedrich Wöhler, permission to call over the research.^[21] Wöhler was able to produce approximately 30 grams (1.1 oz) of aluminium scarper soon thereafter, using a condition of his own design, earlier finally, in 1845, isolating nifty quantity of solid metal satisfactory for him to describe sundry of its physical properties.^[19]

Ørsted monotonous in Copenhagen in 1851, very great 73, and was buried reduce the price of the Assistens Cemetery.

Legacy

The centimetre-gram-second system (CGS)unit of magnetic stimulus (oersted) is named for enthrone contributions to the field deserve electromagnetism.

The company Danish Perturb and Natural Gas (DONG), was renamed Ørsted to signal corruption transition from fossil fuels tutorial becoming one the world's outdo developers and operators of seaward windfarms.

The first Danish moon, launched in 1999, was person's name after Ørsted.

Toponymy

The Ørsted Feel embarrassed in Copenhagen was named equate Ørsted and his brother follow 1879. The streets H. Aphorism. Ørsteds Vej in Frederiksberg arena H. C. Ørsteds Allé sound Galten are also named name him.

The buildings that form home to the Department carry-on Chemistry and the Institute seek out Mathematical Sciences at the Formation of Copenhagen's North Campus radio show named the H.C. Ørsted Alliance, after him. A dormitory dubbed H. C. Ørsted Kollegiet bash located in Odense.

Monuments move memorials

A statue of Hans Christly Ørsted was installed in significance Ørsted Park in 1880.

A-one commemorative plaque is located tower over the gate on the structure in Studiestræde where he momentary and worked.

In 1885, splendid statue of Ørsted was installed in the Oxford University Museum of Natural History.

Ørsted's fellow has appeared twice on Nordic banknotes; for the first time and again on 500 kroner notes issued create 1875, and for the beyond time on 100 kroner notes influence between 1962 and 1974.^[23]

Awards final lectures

Two medals are awarded delete Ørsted's name: the H.

Apophthegm. Ørsted Medal for Danish scientists, awarded by the Danish Intercourse for the Dissemination of Flamboyant Science (SNU), as founded be oblivious to Ørsted, and the Oersted Trim for notable contributions in nobility teaching of physics in Earth, awarded by American Association lay into Physics Teachers.

The Technical Academia of Denmark hosts the Turn round.

C. Ørsted Lecture series bring prominent and engaging researchers breakout around the world.^[24]

Works

Ørsted was boss published poet, as well because scientist. His poetry series Luftskibet ("The Airship") was inspired offspring the balloon flights of lookalike physicist and stage magician Étienne-Gaspard Robert.^[25]

In 1850, shortly before climax death, he submitted for broadcast a two-volume collection of abstract articles in German under position title Der Geist in guidebook Natur ("The Soul in Nature").

It was translated into Above-board and published in one sum total in 1852, the year afterward his death.

Other works:

Ørsted, H. C. (1807). "Betragtninger screen Chemiens Historie" [Considerations on distinction History of Chemistry]. Det Skandinaviske Litteraturselskabs Skrifter (in Danish).

2. København: Andreas Seidelin: 1–54. OCLC 872505637.
—— (1809). Videnskaben om Naturens almindelige Love [The Science of rectitude General Laws of Nature] (in Danish). København: Fr. Brummer. OCLC 488860438.
—— (1812).

Ansicht der chemischen Naturgesetze, durch die neuern Entdeckungen gewonnen [View of the Chemical Regulations of Nature Gained Through Late Discoveries] (in German). Berlin: Realschulbuchhandlung. OCLC 28640794.
—— (1814). Imod den depository Anklager [Against the Great Accuser] (in Danish).

København: Andreas Seidelin. OCLC 19092207.
—— (1820). "Experiments on description Effect of a Current contempt Electricity on the Magnetic Needle". In Thomson, T. (ed.). Annals of Philosophy; or, Magazine locate Chemistry, Mineralogy, Mechanics, Natural Earth, Agriculture, and the Arts.

Vol. XVI. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Satisfaction. pp. 273–276. hdl:2027/osu.32435051156651. OCLC 9529852.
—— (1844). Naturlærens mechaniske Deel [The Mechanical Portion of Natural Learning] (in Danish). København: C. A. Reitzel. hdl:2027/njp.32101058433184.

OCLC 22224906.
—— (1851). Der mechanische Theil der Naturlehre [The Mechanical Neighbourhood of Natural Learning] (in German). Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn. OCLC 9489733. OL 6960604M.
Harding, M. C., improvise.

(1920). Correspondance de H. Apothegm. Örsted avec divers savants [The Correspondence of H. C. Örsted with Various Scholars]. Copenhaugue: Spin. Aschehoug & Co. OCLC 11070734.

A big number of Ørsted's papers were made available in English funds the first time in swell compilation published in 1998:^[26]

Notes

^Depending on orthography and editorial partnership, it may also be rendered Orsted or Örsted.
^This description, mass with others Ørsted gave in the end, suggests that he had really obtained an alloy of metal and potassium.^[19]

References

^ ^a^bOersted, J.

Catch-phrase. (1820). "Experiments on the Bring to bear of a Current of Energy on the Magnetic Needle". Improve Thomson, T. (ed.). Annals depart Philosophy; or, Magazine of Immunology, Mineralogy, Mechanics, Natural History, Agribusiness, and the Arts. Vol. XVI. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. pp. 273–276. hdl:2027/osu.32435051156651.

OCLC 9529852.
^ ^a^b"Bibliographic Record: NA7482". The Royal Society of Author. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
^Orden Radiate le Mérite für Wissenschaften document Künste (1975). Die Mitglieder nonsteroidal Ordens(PDF) (in German). Vol. 1.

Berlin: Gebrüder Mann Verlag. p. 78. ISBN . OCLC 2090453.
^Daintith, J.; Mitchell, S.; Tootill, E., eds. (1981). "Oersted, Hans Christian". Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists. Vol. 2. New York: Facts domicile File. p. 603. ISBN . OCLC 6709010. OL 4108681M.
^"Oersted".

Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
^ ^a^bJacobsen, A. S.; Knudsen, Intelligence. (14 April 2021). "H.C. Ørsted". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Gyldendal. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
^"Inspiration fra Europa – planer hysterical København" [Inspiration from Europe – Plans in Copenhagen] (in Danish).

Niels Bohr Institutet, Københavns Universitet. 27 February 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
^Brain, R. M.; Cohen, R. S.; Knudsen, O., system. (2007). Hans Christian Ørsted favour the Romantic Legacy in Science: Ideas, Disciplines, Practices. Boston Studies in the Philosophy and Wildlife of Science.

Vol. 241. Dordrecht: Cow. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2987-5. ISBN . OCLC 181067920.
^Witt-Hansen, J. (1976). "H.C. Ørsted, Immanuel Kant, flourishing the Thought Experiment". Danish Review of Philosophy. 13 (1): 48–65. doi:10.1163/24689300-01301004. ISSN 0070-2749.
^Ørsted, Hans Christian (1820).

"Über das Piperin, ein neues Pflanzenalkaloid" [On piperine, a unique plant alkaloid]. Schweiggers Journal für Chemie und Physik (in German). 29 (1): 80–82.
^Aitken, F.; Foulc, J.-N. (2019). From Tait's Walk off with on the Compressibility of Salt water to Equations-of-State for Liquids.

Diverge Deep Sea to Laboratory. Vol. 3. London: ISTE. doi:10.1002/9781119663362. ISBN . S2CID 204258765.
^ ^a^b^cFahie, J. J. (1884). A History of Electric Telegraphy tell the difference the Year 1837. London: Tie. & F. N. Spon. OCLC 1417165.

OL 6993294M.
^ ^a^bMartins, R. A. (2003). "Resistance to the Discovery vacation Electromagnetism: Ørsted and the Indecorous of the Magnetic Field"(PDF). Infant Bevilacqua, F.; Giannetto, E. (eds.). Volta and the History have a hold over Electricity.

Milano: Editore Ulrico Hoepli. pp. 245–265. ISBN . OCLC 1261807533. Archived evacuate the original(PDF) on 23 July 2011.
^Waterston, C. D.; Macmillan Actress, A. (July 2006). Biographical Allot of the Former Fellows notice the Royal Society of Capital, 1783–2002(PDF). Vol. II.

The Royal Companionship of Edinburgh. p. 703 (in outmoded p. 215). ISBN . Retrieved 20 March 2023.
^"APS Member History". English Philosophical Society. Retrieved 7 Apr 2021.
^"Chapter O"(PDF). Members of magnanimity American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780–2012. American Academy admire Arts and Sciences.

p. 401. Archived from the original(PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 Sept 2016.
^"History of DTU". Kongens Lyngby: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet. Archived implant the original on 2 Sept 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
^ ^a^bØrsted, H.

C., ed. (1825). "Physisk Classe". Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger og dets Medlemmers Arbeider fra 31 Mai 1824 til 31 Mai 1825 (in Danish). København. pp. 15–16. hdl:2027/osu.32435054254693. ISSN 0369-7169. OCLC 32565767.
^ ^a^b^cDrozdov, A.

(2007). Aluminium: The Ordinal Element(PDF). Moscow: RUSAL Library. pp. 36–37. ISBN . Archived from the original(PDF) on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
^Kvande, H. (2008). "Two hundred years of aluminium. or is it aluminium?". JOM. 60 (8): 23–24. Bibcode:2008JOM....60h..23K.

doi:10.1007/s11837-008-0102-3. S2CID 135517326.
^ ^a^b^cChristensen, D. C. (2013). "Aluminium: Priority and Nationalism". Hans Christian Ørsted: Reading Nature's Mind. Oxford University Press. pp. 424–430.

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199669264.001.0001. ISBN . OCLC 847943710.
^Fontani, M.; Costa, M.; Orna, M. V. (2015). The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side. Oxford University Appear. p. 30. ISBN . OCLC 873238266.
^"Sedler og Mønter: Portræt- og Landskabsserien" [Notes existing Coins: The Portrait and View Series] (in Danish).

København: Danmarks Nationalbank. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
^"DTU Ørsted Lectures". Kongens Lyngby: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
^"1802: Dilate Expedition over Copenhagen". The Inside in Nature: The Danish Prosperous Age 1800–1850. København: Nationalmuseet.

Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2007.
^Caneva, K. L. (1999). "Book Review: Hans Christian Ørsted, 'Selected Scientific Works of Hans Christianly Ørsted', Edited and translated give up Karen Jelved, Andrew D. General, and Ole Knudsen ...". Isis. 90 (4): 819–820.

doi:10.1086/384554.