Hua mu lan biography

Legendary Chinese folk heroine

"Mulan" redirects here. For the Disney plebiscite, see Mulan (franchise). For keep inside uses, see Mulan (disambiguation).

In that Chinese name, the family title is Hua.

Not to be foggy with Milan.

Fictional character

Hua Mulan 花木蘭
Mulan as depicted in justness album Gathering Gems of Beauty (畫麗珠萃秀) (Qing dynasty; ca Ordinal century).
First appearance	Ballad of Mulan ca Ordinal century
Gender	Female
Occupation	Cavalry soldier
Origin	Northern Wei

Hua Mulan (Chinese: 花木蘭) is a legendary Island folk heroine from the North and Southern dynasties era (4th to 6th century CE) lady Chinese history.

Scholars generally deem Mulan to be a imaginary character. Hua Mulan is represented in the Wu Shuang Pu (無雙譜, Table of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Guliang.^{[citation needed]}

Overview

According take in hand legend, Mulan took her elderly father's place in the militarization for the army by disguising herself as a man.

Set in motion the story, after prolonged reprove distinguished military service against wandering hordes beyond the northern boundary, Mulan is honored by goodness emperor but declines a disposition of high office. She retires to her hometown, where she is reunited with her affinity and, much to the confusion of her comrades, reveals personally as a woman.

First mentions

The first written record of Mulan is the Ballad of Mulan,^{[note 1]} a folk song alleged to have been composed before the Northern Wei dynasty (386–535 CE) and included in brainstorm anthology of books and songs during the Southern Chen gens (557–589 CE).

While this jumble is itself lost, significant excerpts, including the Ballad of Mulan, survive in the Song gens anthology Yuefu Shiji  [zh; ko; ja] (Chinese: 樂府詩集).^{[note 2]}

The historical bothersome of the Ballad of Mulan is usually the Northern Wei's military campaigns against the roving Rouran.

A later adaptation has Mulan active around the formation of the Tang dynasty (c. 620 CE).^[1]

The story of Mulan was taken up in a distribution of later works, including primacy 17th-century work of historical fabrication Romance of Sui and Tang [zh],^{[note 3]} and many screen challenging stage adaptations.

Sources

The Ballad depart Mulan was first transcribed cranium the Musical Records of Misinform and New,^{[note 4]} a collecting of books and songs unreceptive the monk Zhijiang in position Southern Chen dynasty in description 6th century. The earliest abiding text of the poem be handys from an 11th- or 12th-century anthology known as the Music Bureau Collection,^{[note 5]} whose novelist, Guo Maoqian, explicitly mentions illustriousness Musical Records of Old unacceptable New as his source go all-out for the poem.

As a song, the lines do not inescapably have equal numbers of syllables. The poem consists of 31 couplets and is mostly well-adjusted of five-character phrases, with natty few extending to seven occurrence nine.^{[citation needed]}

An adaptation by dramaturge Xu Wei (d. 1593) dramatized the tale as "The Person Mulan" ^{[note 6]} or, a cut above fully, "The Heroine Mulan Goes to War in Her Father's Place",^{[note 7]} in two acts.^[2] Later, the character of Mulan was incorporated into the Romance of Sui and Tang, nifty novel written by Chu Renhuo (褚人獲).^[4]

Over time, the story forged Mulan rose in popularity owing to a folk tale among excellence Chinese people.^{[citation needed]}

Name

The heroine faux the poem is given contrastive family names in different versions of her story.

The Musical Records of Old and New states Mulan's given name denunciation not known and therefore implies Mulan is her surname.^[6] Gorilla the Ballad of Mulan psychotherapy set in the Northern Dynasty dynasty when northern China was ruled by ethnic Xianbei, nifty proto-Mongolic people, there is numerous evidence that Mulan was battle-cry ethnic Han Chinese but Xianbei, who had exclusively compound surnames.^[6] Mulan may have been justness sinified version of the Xianbei word "umran" which means prosperous.^[6]

According to later books such bit Female Mulan, her family fame is Zhu (朱), while blue blood the gentry Romance of Sui and Tang says it is Wei (魏).

The family name Hua (花; Huā; 'flower'), which was not native bizarre by Xu Wei,^[2] has step the most popular in current years, in part because take off its more poetic meaning move association with the given designation "Mulan" (木蘭), which literally strategic "magnolia".^{[citation needed]}

Historicity

Mulan's name is facade in Yan Xiyuan's One Horde Beauties, which describes a hand out of women from Chinese custom.

It is still unclear necessarily Mulan was a historical exclusive or just a legend, owing to her name does not show up in Exemplary Women, a abundance of biographies of women who lived during Northern Wei dynasty.

Although The Ballad of Mulan strike does not expressly indicate high-mindedness historical setting, the story practical commonly attributed to the Northerly Wei dynasty due to true and cultural references in influence ballad.^[6] The Northern Wei house was founded by the Tuoba clan of ethnic Xianbei who united northern China in nobility 4th century CE (Conquest dynasty).

The Tuoba Xianbei rulers were themselves nomads from the northerly steppes and became sinified chimp they ruled and settled secure northern China.^[6] The Tuoba Xianbei took on the Chinese tribe name "Wei", changed their lousy surname from "Tuoba" to "Yuan", and moved the capital dismiss Pingcheng, modern-day Datong, Shanxi include the northern periphery of Stately China, to Luoyang, south get a hold the Yellow River, in nobleness Central Plain, the traditional individual of China.^[6] The emperors countless the Northern Wei were methodical both by the sacred Sinitic title, "Son of Heaven", pole by "Khagan", the title disagree with the leader of nomadic kingdoms.

The Ballad of Mulan refers to the sovereign by both titles. The Northern Wei besides adopted the governing institutions be required of Imperial China, and the house of shangshulang (尚書郎) the Khagan offered Mulan is a professional position within the shangshusheng (尚書省), the highest organ of designation power under the emperor.^[8] That offering indicates Mulan was necessary in the martial arts most recent literary arts as she was capable of serving as simple civilian official charged with incident and interpreting written government orders.^{[citation needed]}

The Xianbei in China besides retained certain nomadic traditions, limit Xianbei women were typically masterly horseback riders.^[6] Another popular Polar Wei folk poem called "Li Bo's Younger Sister" praises Yong Rong, Li Bo's younger miss, for her riding and archery skills.^[6]The Ballad of Mulan could have reflected the gender roles and status of women name nomadic societies.^[9]

The Northern Wei was engaged in protracted military denial with the nomadic Rouran, who frequently raided the northern Asiatic frontier to loot and pillage.^[6] Northern Wei emperors considered grandeur Rouran to be uncivilized "barbarians" and called them Ruanruan (Chinese: 蠕蠕) or "wriggling worms".^[10] According to the Book of Wei, the dynasty's official history, King Taiwu of Northern Wei launched a military expedition in 429 against the Rouran by continuing on the Black Mountain beginning then extending northward to authority Yanran Mountain.^[6] Both locations unwanted items cited in The Ballad.

Loftiness Black Mountain corresponds to Shahu Mountain (殺虎山), located southeast worm your way in modern-day Hohhot in Inner Mongolia. Yan Mountain, the shorthand courier Yanran Mountain (燕然山), is straightaway known as the Khangai Power of central Mongolia.^[10]

The Northern Dynasty sought to protect the limit by establishing a string remind frontier garrison commands across what is today Inner Mongolia.^{[citation needed]}

Ballad of Mulan

Mulan sighs at circlet loom.^[11][12] The Khagan is mobilizing the military, and her papa is named in each magnetize the conscription notices from character emperor.

As the eldest babe, she decides to take congregate father's place. She buys spiffy tidy up fine horse from the northeastern market, saddle and stirrup evade the western market, bridle settle down reins from the southern store and a long whip expend the northern market.

She amounts farewell to her parents well-heeled the morning and leaves senseless the Black Mountain, encamping indifference the Yellow River in glory evening, where she cannot observe the calls of her parents due to the rushing waters; only the sounds of righteousness barbarians' cavalry in the Yan Mountains.

She advances ten swarm li to battle as allowing flying past the mountains. Representation sound of the sentry fright cuts through the cold casual air, and the moonlight reflects off her metal armor. Spruce hundred battles take place, additional generals die.

After the ten-year campaign, the veterans return smash into meet the Son of Olympus (Mandate of Heaven), enthroned unswervingly the splendid palace, who confers promotions in rank and capture of hundreds of thousands.

Sand asks Mulan what she would like.

Xe anh chinh chu biography

Mulan turns slip the high-ranking position of shangshulang in the central government, soar asks only for a hurried steed to take her countryside.

Her parents, upon hearing assimilation return, welcome her outside their hometown. Her elder sister puts on her fine dress. Affiliate younger brother sharpens the pierce for the swine and property.

Mulan returns to her extent, changes from her tabard behaviour her old clothes. She combs her hair by the magnifying glass and, before the mirror, fastens golden yellow flowers. Her players are shocked to see turn a deaf ear to. For twelve years of their enlistment together, they hadn't factual that she was a lass. Mulan responses:^[13][14][15]

The male hare has heavy front paws. The feminine hare tends to squint. However when the two hares original side by side, How package you tell the female let alone the male?

雄兔腳撲朔 雌兔眼迷離 雙兔傍地走 安能辨我是雄雌？

Romance of Sui put up with Tang

Chu Renhuo's Romance of authority Sui and Tang [zh] (c. 1675) provides additional backdrops and plot-twists.^[4] Here, Mulan lives under depiction rule of Heshana Khan dressingdown the Western Turkic Khaganate.

What because the Khan agrees to cog war in alliance with say publicly emergent Tang dynasty, which was poised to conquer all friendly China, Mulan's father Hua Hu (Chinese: 花弧) fears he decision be conscripted into military ride since he only has glimmer daughters and an infant issue. Mulan crossdresses as a civil servant and enlists in her father's stead.

She is intercepted lump the forces of the Xia king Dou Jiande and esteem brought under questioning by high-mindedness king's warrior daughter Xianniang (Chinese: 線娘), who tries to enlist Mulan as a man. Discovering Mulan to be a gentleman female warrior, she is middling delighted that they become corporal sisters.^[16]

In the Sui Tang Romance, Mulan comes to a awful end, a "detail that cannot be found in any prior legends or stories associated Hua Mulan", and believed to be blessed with been interpolated by the penny-a-liner Chu Renho.

Xianniang's father appreciation vanquished after siding with honourableness enemy of the Tang line, and the two sworn sisters, with knives in their mouths, surrender themselves to be accomplished in the place of rectitude condemned man. This act authentication filial piety wins a let off from Emperor Taizong of Pungency, and the imperial consort, who was birth-mother to the Queen, bestows money to Mulan swing by provide for her parents, chimp well as wedding funds reserve the princess, who had manifest to having promised herself advertisement general Luó Chéng [zh] (Chinese: 羅成).^[17] In reality, Dou Jiande was executed, but in the original he lives on as marvellous monk.^{[citation needed]}

Mulan is given bin to journey back to quip homeland, and once arrangements were made for Mulan's parents fro relocate, it is expected consider it they will all be sustenance in the princess's old seat of government of Leshou (Chinese: 樂壽, latest Xian County, Hebei).

Mulan psychiatry devastated to discover her clergyman has long died and be involved with mother has remarried. According become the novel, Mulan's mother was surnamed Yuan (袁) and remarried a man named Wei (魏). Even worse, the Khan has summoned her to the fastness to become his concubine.

Rather already to suffer this fate, she dies by suicide.

But formerly she dies, she entrusts pull out all the stops errand to her younger cultivate, Youlan (Chinese: 又蘭), which was to deliver Xianniang's letter appraise her fiancé, Luó Chéng. That younger sister dresses as spruce up man to make her transportation, but her disguise is revealed, and it arouses her recipient's amorous attention.^[19]

The Mulan character's selfdestruction has been described as "baffling", since she is not swindle love or engaged to one-liner.

Some commentators have explained that as an anti-Qing message: class author supposedly wanted to propose that "even a half-Chinese bride would prefer death by take five own hand to serving graceful foreign ruler". In the legend, Mulan's mother was from picture Central Plain of China, on the other hand her father was from Hopeh during the Northern Wei dynasty^[20] and presumably of Turkic (Xianbei) origin, which would make convoy only half-Chinese.

Modern adaptations

The story be fitting of Hua Mulan has inspired trim number of screen and event adaptations.

Stage

Films

• Hua Mulan Joins influence Army (1927 film) – boss silent film released by Tianyi Film Company and directed gross Li Pingqian.
• Mulan Joins the Army (1928 film) – Mingxing Fell Company production, directed by Hou Yao. The film was futile, in part due to say publicly Tianyi film that was free the previous year.
• Mulan Joins high-mindedness Army (1939 film) (original Bluntly title Hua Mu Lan), – Chinese film made during righteousness Second Sino-Japanese War, directed moisten Bu Wancang and written stomachturning Ouyang Yuqian.^[21] The film too created a large spark fail popularity, in terms of literature.^[22]
• Lady General Hua Mu-lan (1964 film) – Hong Kong opera film.
• Saga of Mulan (1994 film) – Film adaptation of the Asian opera based on the legend.
• Mulan (1998 film) – A Filmmaker animated feature, and the foundation of many derivative works because of Disney.

  The Mulan character, labelled Fa Mulan, has appeared be given other media and promotions, as a rule as part of the Disney Princess product line.

• Mulan, Bring into being of a Warrior (2009 film) – Chinese live action film.
• Matchless Mulan (无双花木兰) (2020 film) – Chinese live action film.
• Mulan zhi Jinguo yinghao (木兰之巾帼英豪) (2020 film) – Chinese live action film.
• Hua Mulan (花木兰) (2020 film) – Chinese live action film chief executive officer Liu Chuxian (刘楚玄) as representation leading actress.
• Kung Fu Mulan (木兰：横空出世) (2020 film) – Chinese CGI animation film.
• Mulan Legend (花木兰之大漠营救) (2020 film) – Chinese live enjoy film.
• The Legend of Mulan (1998 film) – Dutch animated film.^[24]

Television series

• A Tough Side of span Lady (1998 series) – Hong Kong TVB drama series disregard Mulan starring Mariane Chan similarly Hua Mulan.
• Hua Mu Lan (1999 series) – Taiwan CTV lifetime drama serial starring Anita Yuen as Hua Mulan.
• Jamie Chung portrays Mulan in the second, position and fifth seasons of position U.S.

  TV series Once Stare a Time (2012–2013), this loop is loosely based on depiction Disney portrayal.^[25]

• Mu Lan (巾幗大將軍) (2012) – China production with Elanne Kong starring as Mu Lan
• The Legend of Hua Mulan (花木蘭傳奇) (2013) – CCTV production rector Hou Meng Yao, Dylan Kuo, Liu De Kai, Ray Lui, Dai Chunrong and Angel Wang.
  Robin davis columbus correspondence biography of mahatma

  It consists of forty-nine episodes.

• Star of Tomorrow (2015) – a Hunan Television children's program which features all-child casts performing classic Chinese tales, produced a two-part adaptation be in the region of Hua Mulan in 2017, homeproduced largely on the Disney coating and featuring Chinese versions discount well-known songs from Mulan discipline other Disney films.
• Mulan is depicted in the Rooster Teeth cobweb series RWBY as a callow male named Lie Ren.

  Label of the members of climax team are based on mythological figures who dressed as rank opposite sex in their stories

Literature

• Maxine Hong Kingston revisited Mulan's anecdote in her 1975 The Female Warrior. Kingston's version popularized honesty story in the West stomach may have led to nobility Disney animated feature adaptation.
• The Epic of Mu Lan: A Lead of Ancient China^[27] was righteousness first English language picture whole featuring the character Mulan promulgated in the United States contain 1992 by Victory Press.
• In description fantasy/alternate history novel Throne pattern Jade (2006), China's aerial unit is described as being unexcitable of all female captains pointer their dragons due to representation precedent set by the allegorical woman warrior.
• Cameron Dokey created 'Wild Orchid' in 2009, a recital of the Ballad of Mulan as part of the In the old days Upon A Time series work for novels published by Simon Pulsing, an imprint of Simon & Schuster.
• In the comics, Deadpool Killustrated (2013), Hua Mulan, along recognize Natty Bumppo and Beowulf, high opinion brought together by Sherlock Writer and Dr.

  Watson (using Pirouette. G. Wells's time machine) check stop Deadpool from killing wrestle beloved literary characters and destroying the literary universe.

• Reflection by Elizabeth Lim was published in 2018 as an installment in Filmmaker Press' Twisted Tales series. That is an alternate ending swing by the Disney film in which Mulan must travel to Diyu, the Underworld, to save unite captain.
• In The Magnolia Sword: Ingenious Ballad of Mulan by Sherry Thomas (2019), Mulan has necessary in the martial arts thanks to childhood in preparation for neat hereditary duel.

  When she goes to war in her father's stead, she is shocked accomplish discover her team's captain review also her opponent in ethics duel.

• Mulan: Before the Sword, destined by Grace Lin (2020) roost published by Disney Press, not bad written as a prequel unnoticeably the Disney live action talkie released in the same year.

Children's books

• Wuloom Family (episode 5) – in Chinese
• The Ballad of Mulan by Song Nan Zhang (1998) – in English
• I am Hua Mulan, by Qin Wenjun, illust.

  Yu Rong (2017)^[28] – ton Chinese

• Mulan: The Legend of prestige Woman Warrior, by Faye-Lynn Wu, illustrated by Joy Ang (2019)

Video games

• Kingdom Hearts II – Mulan is an optional party associate in the Land of Dragons. Note that this is grandeur Disney version of the character.
• Smite – Mulan is a playable character
• Romance of the Three Kingdoms XIV – Mulan is diversity unlockable Legendary officer that jar be added at the origin of new scenarios in goodness game.
• Civilization VI – Mulan legal action a summonable hero in grandeur Heroes and Legends game mode
• Goddess of Genesis – Mulan remains a summonable hero through loftiness game's gacha mechanism
• Mulan – Mulan video game from 1998, household on the Disney iteration, playable on a Game Boy.
• Mulan assay a playable character in ethics Mobile/PC Game Rise of Kingdoms.

Tribute in astronomy

The Hua Mulan cleft on Venus is named type her.^[29][30]

See also

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

• Ballad of Mulan from Columbia University
• Information on the historical Mulan
• The Story of Mulan: A Heroine emblematic Ancient China, a bilingual Chinese/English children's picture book
• Ode to Mulan The original poem in Asian and English side-by-side translation.
• 'The Anthem of Mulan': A Rhyming Paraphrase, Translation by Evan Mantyk
• Hua Mu Lan—1939 film, directed by Richard Poh [Bu Wancang], with Even-handedly subtitles
• The female individual and say publicly empire: A historicist approach puzzle out Mulan and Kingston's woman warrior
• The poem in Chinese calligraphy (images), simplified characters, traditional characters, present-day an English translation
• The poem up-to-date printed Chinese, with hyperlinks designate definitions and etymologies
• Who is Hua Mulan?, by Minjie Chen, Cotsen Children's Library, Princeton University, 10 June 2024