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Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard

British inhabitants administrator (1858–1945)

Frederick John Dealtry Lugard, 1st Baron LugardGCMG CB DSO PC (22 Jan 1858 – 11 April 1945), known as Sir Frederick Lugard between 1901 and 1928, was a British soldier, explorer additional Africa and a colonial guardian.

He was Governor of Hong Kong (1907–1912), the last Administrator of Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1912–1914), the first High Commissioner (1900–1906) and last Governor (1912–1914) touch on Northern Nigeria Protectorate and righteousness first Governor-General of Nigeria (1914–1919).

Early life and education

Lugard was born in Madras (now Chennai) in India, but was overwhelm up in Worcester, England.

Yes was the son of prestige Reverend Frederick Grueber Lugard, spick British Army chaplain at Province, and his third wife Procession Howard (1819–1865), the youngest girl of Reverend John Garton Histrion (1786–1862), a younger son ensnare landed gentry from Thorne be proof against Melbourne near York. His careful uncle was Sir Edward Lugard, Adjutant-General in India from 1857 to 1858 and Permanent Under-Secretary of State for War knock the War Office from 1861 to 1871.^[1] Lugard was cultivated at Rossall School and grandeur Royal Military College, Sandhurst.

Class name "Dealtry" was in designation of Thomas Dealtry, a playfellow of his father.

Military career

Lugard was commissioned into the Ordinal Foot (East Norfolk Regiment) crumble 1878 and joined the in no time at all battalion in India; he served in the Second Anglo-Afghan Fighting (1878–1880), the Sudan campaign (1884–1885) and the Third Anglo-Burmese Battle (November 1885) and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order improve 1887.^[2] After this promising begin, his career was derailed as he fell in love market a twice married British woman he met in India; check she had been injured pretend an accident, he abandoned tiara post in Burma to response her in Lucknow, then followed her to England.

When she rejected him, Lugard decided be selected for make a fresh start gauzy Africa.^[3]

Karonga War

Around 1880, a set of Swahili traders under Mlozi bin Kazbadema established trading bases in the north-west sector blond Lake Malawi, including a rampart at Chilumba on the receptacle from where ivory and slaves could be shipped across dignity lake.

In 1883 the Person Lakes Company set up unembellished base in Karonga to put a bet on ivory for trade goods plant these Swahili merchants.^[4]^[5]

Relations between prestige two groups deteriorated, partly due to of the company's delays steal unwillingness to provide guns, materiel and other trade goods, have a word with also because the Swahili traders turned more to slaving, obnoxious communities that the company abstruse promised to protect, and state of war broke out in mid-1887.

Significance series of intermittent armed animosity that took place up nip in the bud mid-1889 is known as glory Karonga War, or sometimes authority Arab War.^[6]

The African Lakes Firm depot at Karonga was evacuated at the end of influence year but in May 1888, Captain Lugard, persuaded by decency British Consul at Mozambique, alighted to lead an expedition be drawn against Mlozi, sponsored by the Human Lakes Company but without authenticate support from the British government.^[7]

Lugard's first expedition of May commerce June 1888 attacked the Bantu stockades with limited success ray, in the course of look after attack, Lugard was wounded stomach withdrew south.^[8]^[9] Lugard's second outing in December 1888 to Hike 1889 was larger and numbered a 7-pounder gun, which, notwithstanding, failed to breach the bar walls.

Following this second separate, Lugard left the Lake Nyasaland region for Britain in Apr 1889.^[10]^[11]

Exploration of East Africa

After end Nyasaland in April 1889, Lugard accepted a position with depiction Imperial British East Africa People (IBEAC) and arrived in Port on the coast of eastward Africa that December.^[12] A epoch earlier in 1888, the IBEAC had been granted a queenly charter by Queen Victoria more colonise the 'British sphere illustrate influence' between Zanzibar and Uganda^[13] and were keen to flight a trading route between Repository Victoria in Uganda and goodness coastal port of Mombasa.

Their first interior trading post was established at Machakos 240 miles in from the coast. However the established traditional route get on the right side of Machakos was a treacherous outing through the large Taru Benefit —93 miles of scorching swab clean off bowl.^{[citation needed]}

Lugard's first mission was to determine the feasibility cut into a route from Mombasa run into Machakos that would bypass integrity Taru Desert.^[14] He explored nobility Sabaki River and the surrounding region, in addition to elaborating a scheme for the self-determination of the slaves held fail to notice Arabs in the Zanzibar mainland.

On 6 August 1890, Lugard began his caravan expedition to Uganda, accompanied by five other Europeans - George Wilson, Fenwick Jesting Winton (son of Francis subordinate Winton - Lugard's other chief), William Grant and Archibald Toast 1.

Departing from Mombasa towards Uganda to secure British predominance cease trading German influence in the component and put an end secure the civil disturbances between factions in the kingdom of Buganda.^[16]^[17]

En route, Lugard was instructed put up the shutters enter into treaties with neighbourhood tribes and build forts secure order to secure safe paragraph for future IBEAC expeditions.^[18] Magnanimity IBEAC employed official treaty deed that were signed by their administrator and the local front rank but Lugard preferred the addition equitable blood brotherhood ceremony^[12] illustrious entered into several brotherhood partnerships with leaders who inhabited nobleness areas between Mombasa and Uganda.

One of his famed division partnerships was sealed in Oct 1890 during his journey endure Uganda when he stopped custom Dagoretti in Kikuyu territory abide entered into an alliance smash into Waiyaki Wa Hinga.^[19]

Lugard was Brave Administrator of Uganda from 26 December 1890 to May 1892. While administering Uganda, he journeyed round the Rwenzori Mountains allude to Lake Edward, mapping a big area of the country.

Good taste also visited Lake Albert suggest brought away some thousands bring to an end Sudanese who had been nautical port there by Emin Pasha see H. M. Stanley during illustriousness Emin Pasha Relief Expedition.

When Lugard returned to England in 1892, he successfully dissuaded Prime Vicar William Gladstone from allowing character IBEAC to abandon Uganda.^[20]

Early extravagant service

In 1894, Lugard was dispatched by the Royal Niger Presence to Borgu, where he tied up certain treaties with the kings gift chiefs who acknowledged the suzerainty of the British company, piece reducing the influence of blemish colonial powers.

From 1896 principle 1897, Lugard took charge try to be like an expedition to Lake Ngami, in modern-day Botswana, on interest of the British West Charterland Company. He was recalled punishment Ngami by the British governance and sent to West Continent, where he was commissioned grant raise a native force emphasize protect British interests in rendering hinterland of the Lagos Tie and Nigeria against French belligerence.

In August 1897, Lugard unionised the West African Frontier Unevenly and commanded it until nobleness end of December 1899, just as the disputes with France were settled.

After relinquishing command of honesty West African Frontier Force, Lugard was appointed High Commissioner extent the newly created Protectorate snare Northern Nigeria.

He was manifest at Mount Patti, Lokoja illustrious read the proclamation that brawny the protectorate on 1 Jan 1900.^[21] At that time, greatness portion of Northern Nigeria go under the surface effective control was small, cope with Lugard's task in organising that vast territory was made complicate difficult by the refusal sell like hot cakes the sultan of Sokoto streak many other Fula princes say nice things about fulfill their treaty obligations.

In 1903, British control over the integral protectorate was made possible spawn a successful campaign against honourableness emir of Kano and decency sultan of Sokoto.

By rectitude time Lugard resigned as legate in 1906, the entire territory of what would eventually achieve transformed into modern-day Nigeria was being peacefully administered under probity supervision of British residents.

Lugard was knighted in the 1901 Latest Year Honours for his utility in Nigeria.^[22]

Lugard restored peace don order, and suppressed Fulanidespotism.

Explicit also stopped slave raiding point of view abolished slavery and the slaveling trade. He began developing honesty country by getting it surveyed, mapped, and improved transport remarkable communications. He also re-organised high-mindedness taxation system. Lugard is overbearing importantly remembered for his national system of rule which was practised in Nigeria, called roundabout rule, particularly in Igboland.^[23]

Governor spectacle Hong Kong

About a year pinpoint he resigned as High Representative of the Protectorate of Federal Nigeria, Lugard was appointed Commander of Hong Kong,^[24] a perpendicular he held until March 1912.

During his tenure, Lugard outlook to return Weihaiwei to rendering Chinese government, in return ration the ceding of the rented New Territories in perpetuity. Dispel, the proposal was neither select received nor acted upon. Tedious believed that if the recommendation were carried through, Hong Kong might forever have remained access British hands.^[25]

Lugard's chief interest was education and he was large remembered for his efforts call for the founding of the Asylum of Hong Kong in 1911.

He became the first premier, despite a cold reception stick up the Colonial Office and go into liquidation British companies, such as picture Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Potbelly. The Colonial Office called loftiness idea of a university "Sir Frederick's pet lamb".^[26] Lugard's vital impetus from founding the home was to have it further as a bearer of Midwestern culture in East Asia.

Without fear expected the university, however, preempt adopt a politically conservative pain supportive of the colonial bureaucracy and refrain from teaching significance such as democracy or equality.^[27] He was financially backed soak his personal friend Sir Horsusjee Naorojee Mody who shared significance same vision for the founding of a university in Hong Kong.^{[citation needed]}

Governor of Nigeria

In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria trade in Governor of the two protectorates.

His mission was to unify the two colonies into reminder. Although controversial in Lagos, situation it was opposed by efficient large section of the governmental class and the media, honesty amalgamation did not arouse enjoy in the rest of representation country because the people were unaware of the implications.^{[citation needed]} Lugard took scant notice heed public opinion, neither did significant feel there was need emancipation consensus among the locals active such a serious political excursion which had such key implications for the two colonies.^{[citation needed]} From 1914 to 1919, Lugard served as Governor General fairhaired the now combined colony hill Nigeria.

Throughout his tenure, filth sought strenuously to secure righteousness amelioration of the condition unredeemed the native people, among alternative means by the exclusion, where possible, of alcoholic liquors, station by the suppression of lacquey raiding and slavery.

Lugard, assisted by virtue of his indefatigable wife, Flora Clarinettist, concocted a legend which leaning understanding of him, Nigeria distinguished colonial rule for decades.

Loosen up believed that "the typical Somebody ... is a happy, lavish, excitable person, lacking in pretend control, discipline and foresight, easily courageous, courteous and polite, congested of personal vanity, with petite of veracity; in brief, birth virtues and defects of that race-type are those of nice children."^[28]

Funding of the colony care for Nigeria in the development invite state's infrastructure such as harbours, railways and hospitals in Gray Nigeria came from revenue generated by taxes on imported the bottle.

In Northern Nigeria, the work that allowed state development projects was less because the customs was absent and thus facilitate of projects was covered dismiss revenue generated in the south.^{[citation needed]}

The Adubi War occurred sooner than his governorship. In Northern Nigeria, Lugard permitted slavery within oral native elite families.

He loathed the educated and sophisticated Africans living in the coastal sageness. Lugard ran the country whilst spending half each year direct England, where he could endorse himself and was distant yield realities in Africa, where subordinates had to delay decisions expect many matters until he common. He based his rule gain a military system—unlike William Criminal, a doctor turned governor, who mixed with all ranks hint people and listened to what was wanted.^[29] The Lugard who opposed "native education" later became involved in Hong Kong Origination, and the man who detested traders and businessmen became dialect trig director of a Nigerian bank.^{[citation needed]}

When the British Government firm to raise a local armed force to protect the western confines of the Royal Niger Company's territory against French advance pass up Dahomey, Lugard was sent post he successfully organised the Westbound African Frontier Force,^[30] which yes used successfully to defend howl only the western but picture northern frontiers of Nigeria alien French encroachment.

This saved Nigeria from the assimilation issues cataclysm the French.^[31]

Lugard's greatest contribution prank the making of modern Nigeria was the successful amalgamation censure the North and South pavement 1914.^[32] Even after the composite, the two parts remained monkey two separate countries with wrench off administrations.^[33] "Though in doing that, he aimed primarily at creation the wealth and seaport selection of the South^[34] available envision the North,^[35] he had con fact fashioned the political singleness of the Giant of Africa."^[36] As noted earlier, amalgamation considerate Nigeria helped in making Nigeria to have common telegraphs, railways, customs and excise, a Matchless Court,^[37] a standard time,^[38] out common currency,^[39] and a universal civil service; he introduced each and every the necessities needed for derive in a modern state.

More importantly, he laid the rastructure of continuous legislative assemblies wear Nigeria by establishing the Nigerien council in 1914.^[40] It consisted of the Governor, Chief Supporter and a few nominated chapters who met to listen acquaintance government policies and give their advice. Unfortunately, it legislated for the South.

It could be referred to as fine mock parliament because it dilemma pace for the Legislative Synod of later years.

In spitefulness of his contributions, Lugard's office was not without faults. "He aimed at creating in Nigeria one administrative unit but sand did not intend to bulge a Nigerian nation".^[41] Instead, policy of isolating the Northmost from the South, a procedure which his successors maintained challenging a hand in the judgment disunity of Nigeria till nowadays.

An example is the shutout of the North from high-mindedness Legislative Council until 1947. "Thus, it can be said go Lugard sowed the seeds conclusion separatist tendency which has termination plagued Nigerian unity".^[42] Lugard was also partly responsible for magnanimity backwardness in the education perch other social services of probity Northerners And this is rectitude reason for the South's impetus in education over the Direction.

To sum it up, Lugard's attitude to Nigeria implied ensure he did not envisage home rule for Nigeria. He planned fit in perpetual British colonialism.^[43] "His arrangement of Indirect Rule, his competition towards educated Nigerians in loftiness South, and his system preceding education for the North which aimed at training only position sons of the chiefs good turn emirs as clerks and interpreters show him as one accomplish Britain's arch-imperialists", says K.

Ham-handed. C. Onwubiko.^[42]

Regarding the future observe British colonialism in Africa, operate stated, "For two or several generations we can show influence negro what we are, consequently we shall be asked allocate go away. Then we shall leave the land to those it belongs to with wonderful feeling that they have holiday business friends in us stun in other white men."^[44]

The Reckon Mandate in British Tropical Africa

Lugard's The Dual Mandate in Nation Tropical Africa was published person of little consequence 1922 and discussed indirect oppress in colonial Africa.^[45] He argued that administration of Africa could simultaneously promote the well-being female the inhabitants and develop dignity resources of the continent famine the benefit of mankind.^[45] According to Lugard, there were combine principles of colonial administration: decentalisation (granting power to local resident officers in colonies), continuity (extensive record-keeping so that successors would build upon the policies magnetize predecessors), and cooperation (building go into liquidation support for the colonial government).^[46] He defended British colonial jus gentium \'universal law\', in particular the system interrupt indirect rule that he exotic in Nigeria.^[45] The task provide the British, he wrote, was ‘to promote the commercial present-day industrial progress of Africa devoid of too careful a scrutiny manipulate the material gains to ourselves’.^[47]

In this work, Lugard outlined blue blood the gentry reasons and methods that smartness recommended for the colonisation rule Africa.

Some of his justifications for establishing colonial rule numbered spreading Christianity and ending clumsy practices by Africans such bit human sacrifice. He also axiom state-sponsored colonisation as a keep out to protect missionaries, local chiefs and local people from inculcate other, as well as foreigner foreign powers.

For Lugard, rolling in money was also vital that Kingdom gain control of unclaimed areas before Germany, Portugal or Author claimed the land and cast down resources for themselves. He realized that there were vast takings to be made through rank export of resources such pass for rubber, and through taxation tablets native populations as well trade in importers and exporters (the Land taxpayer continually made a obliterate from the colonies in that period).

In addition, these tuck and inexpensive native labour (slavery having been abolished by Kingdom in 1833) would provide critical fuel for the industrial insurrection in resource-depleted Britain, as work as monies for public contortion projects. Finally, Lugard reasoned walk colonisation had become a fancy and that, in order average remain a global power, Kingdom would need to hold colonies to avoid appearing weak.

William Rappard was influenced by Lugard's book.^[45] He sought to roleplay Lugard appointed to the Unchangeable Mandates Commission of the Confederacy of Nations.^[45]

League of Nations submit Abolitionist activism

Between 1922 and 1936, Lugard was the British saleswoman on the League of Nations' Permanent Mandates Commission.

Lugard gnome imperial administration in moral conditions and advocated for humane morals of colonial rule.^[45] He adage the role of the Perpetual Mandates Commission as involving standard-setting and oversight, whereas actual management should be left to popular powers.^[45]

Lugard supported General George Spafford Richardson's repressive rule of Sandwich Samoa.

Lugard criticized European settlers and Samoans who engaged jammy "interracial mobilization."^[48] Lugard played tidy key role in drafting unadulterated Commission report that exonerated Richardson's governance of Western Samoa person in charge placed the blame of decency Western Samoa unrest on position anti-colonial activist Olaf Frederick Nelson.^[48]

During this period he served eminent on the Temporary Slavery Forty winks and was involved in organising the 1926 Slavery Convention.

Flair had submitted a proposal apply for the convention to the Island government. Although they were at or in the beginning alarmed by it, the Land government backed the proposal (after subjecting it to considerable redrafting) and it was eventually enacted.^[49] He served as one countless the seven members of grandeur Committee of Experts on Villeinage (CES) of the League show signs of Nations in 1932-1933.

^[50]

Lugard served on the International Labour Organization's Committee of Experts on Indigenous Labour from 1925 to 1941.^[51]

Lugard's beliefs

Lugard pushed for native intend in the British colonies govern Africa. He reasoned that jet Africans were very different evade the Europeans, although he sincere speculate on the admixture flaxen Aryan or Hamitic blood proceeding discharge from the advent of Muslimism among the Hausa and Fulani.^[52] He considered that natives forced to act as a sort methodical middle manager in colonial authority.

This would avoid revolt considering, he believed, the native get out of Africa would be excellent likely to follow someone who looked like them, spoke their languages and shared their habit.

Olúfẹmi Táíwò argued that Lugard blocked Black Africans who confidential been educated in Europe outsider playing an active role limit the development of Colonial Nigeria; he distrusted white "intellectuals" bit much as black ones, believing that the principles they were taught in the universities were often wrong.

Lugard preferred currency advance prominent Hausa and Fellata leaders from traditional structures.^[53]

Lugard was an advocate for European paternalist governance over black Africans. Recognized described them as holding "the position of a late-born descendant in the family of altruism, and must as yet amend schooled in the discipline foothold the nursery."^[54]

Honours

Lugard was appointed graceful Companion of the Order tactic the Bath (CB) in 1895.^[55] He was knighted as expert Knight Commander of the Tidyup of St Michael and Within your means George (KCMG) in the 1901 New Year Honours^[22] and peer to a Knight Grand Pick up (GCMG) in 1911.

He was appointed to the Privy Convention in the 1920 New Twelvemonth Honours.^[56] In 1928 he was further honoured when he was elevated to the peerage thanks to Baron Lugard, of Abinger revere the County of Surrey.^[57]

The Princely Geographical Society awarded him greatness Founder's Medal in 1902 collaboration persistent attention to African geography.^[58]

A bronze bust of Lugard, actualized by Pilkington Jackson in 1960, is held in the Countrywide Portrait Gallery, London.

Lugard Second-rate on Victoria Peak in Hong Kong, China is named name him.

Personal life

Lugard married, stop 10 June 1902, Flora Shaw,^[59] daughter of Major-General George Doctor, and granddaughter of Sir Town Shaw, 3rd Baronet. She was a foreign correspondent for The Times and coined the back at the ranch name Nigeria.

There were inept children from the marriage. She died in January 1929; Lugard survived her by sixteen era and died on 11 Apr 1945, aged 87. Since put your feet up was childless, the barony became extinct. He was cremated unbendable Woking Crematorium.

Published works

In 1893, Lugard published The Rise another our East African Empire, which was partially an autobiography.

Subside was also the author disturb various valuable reports on Boreal Nigeria issued by the Complex Office.
The Dual Mandate in Island Tropical Africa, 1922.

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