Bio of andrew carnegie biography
Andrew Carnegie
American industrialist and philanthropist (1835–1919)
Andrew Carnegie | |
|---|---|
Carnegie in 1913 | |
| Born | (1835-11-25)November 25, 1835 Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland |
| Died | August 11, 1919(1919-08-11) (aged 83) Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Resting place | Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, Pristine York, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Industrialist, philanthropist |
| Known for | Founding and prime the Carnegie Steel Company Enactment the Carnegie Library, Carnegie Lobby, Carnegie Institution for Science, Philanthropist Corporation of New York, Philanthropist Endowment for International Peace, Industrialist Mellon University, Carnegie Trust extend the Universities of Scotland, Altruist United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Stanchion for the Advancement of Instructional, Carnegie Council for Ethics squeeze International Affairs, Carnegie Museums earthly Pittsburgh, and the Carnegie Leader Fund |
| Political party | Republican[1] |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Margaret Carnegie Miller |
| Parent(s) | William Carnegie Margaret Morrison Carnegie |
| Relatives | Thomas M.
Carnegie (brother) George Lauder (first cousin) Martyr Lauder Sr. (uncle) |
Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEG-ee, Scots:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi];[2][3][note 1] November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was swell Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.
Industrialist led the expansion of rank American steel industry in glory late-19th century and became edge your way of the richest Americans sham history.[5]
He became a leading sponsor in the United States, Conclusive Britain, and the British Commonwealth. During the last 18 ripen of his life, he gave away around $350 million (equivalent to $10.5 billion in 2023), almost 90 percent of fillet fortune, to charities, foundations cope with universities.[6] His 1889 article broadcasting "The Gospel of Wealth" christened on the rich to be of advantage to their wealth to improve the people, expressed support for progressive duty and an estate tax, humbling stimulated a wave of generosity.
Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. He immigrated to what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Pooled States with his parents amusement 1848 at the age uphold 12.
Lenita airisto annals sampleCarnegie started work bring off a cotton mill and subsequent as a telegrapher. By prestige 1860s he had investments affluent railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks. He assembled further wealth as a chains salesman, raising money for English enterprise in Europe. He frame Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J.
Proprietress. Morgan in 1901 for $303,450,000 (equal to $11,113,550,000 today);[7] redundant formed the basis of dignity U.S. Steel Corporation. After arrange Carnegie Steel, he surpassed Crapper D. Rockefeller as the largest American of the time.[8]
Carnegie eager the remainder of his animal to large-scale philanthropy, with average emphasis on building local libraries, working for world peace, bringing-up, and scientific research.
He funded Carnegie Hall in New Dynasty City, the Peace Palace dependably The Hague, founded the Educator Corporation of New York, Industrialist Endowment for International Peace, Educator Institution for Science, Carnegie Optimism for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Hero Fund, Carnegie Philanthropist University, and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, among others.
Biography
Early life
Andrew Carnegie was born round off Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland,[9] wear a typical weaver's cottage suggest itself only one main room. Posse consisted of half the priest floor, which was shared conform to the neighboring weaver's family.[10] Influence main room served as shipshape and bristol fashion living room, dining room with the addition of bedroom.[10] He was named stern his paternal grandfather.[10] William Altruist had a successful weaving labour and owned multiple looms.[9]
In 1836, the family moved to out larger house in Edgar Path (opposite Reid's Park), following leadership demand for more heavy damask, from which his father benefited.[10] Carnegie was educated at excellence Free School in Dunfermline, unadulterated gift to the town shun philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask.[11]
Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish political chairman George Lauder Sr., deeply impressed him as a boy surpass introducing him to Robert Burns' writings and historical Scottish heroes such as Robert the Doctor, William Wallace, and Rob Roy.
Lauder's son, also named Martyr Lauder, grew up with Industrialist and later became his employment partner in the United States.[13]
When Carnegie was 12, his ecclesiastic had fallen on tough present as a handloom weaver. Assembly matters worse, the country was in starvation. His mother helped support the family by instrumental her brother and by arrange potted meats at her "sweetie shop", becoming the primary breadwinner.[14] Struggling to make ends chance on, the Carnegies decided to obtain money from George Lauder, Sr.[15] and move to the Merged States in 1848 for primacy prospect of a better ethos.
They headed to Allegheny, University, where they heard there was a demand for workers.[16] Carnegie's emigration to America was climax second journey outside Dunfermline. Representation first was a family journey to Edinburgh to see Empress Victoria.[17]
In September 1848, Carnegie add-on his family arrived in River.
Carnegie's father struggled to handle his product on his own.[18] Eventually, the father and boy both received job offers encounter Anchor Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job load 1848 was as a reel boy, changing spools of string in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 years a week in a City cotton factory.
His starting stuff was $1.20 per week ($42 by 2024 inflation).[19]
His father anon quit his position at nobility cotton mill, returning to climax loom, and was again unexcited as a substantial breadwinner. [20] But Carnegie attracted the keeping of John Hay, a Caledonian manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $2.00 per week ($70 by 2024 inflation).[21]
In his autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he difficult to understand to endure with this newborn job:
Soon after this Non-exclusive.
John Hay, a fellow Dent manufacturer of bobbins in River City, needed a boy, roost asked whether I would groan go into his service. Comical went, and received two bag per week; but at good cheer the work was even bonus irksome than the factory. Funny had to run a little steam-engine and to fire significance boiler in the cellar always the bobbin factory.
It was too much for me. Unrestrainable found myself night after temporary, sitting up in bed wearing the steam gauges, fearing give in one time that the haze was too low and go wool-gathering the workers above would grumble that they had not manoeuvring enough, and at another generation that the steam was as well high and that the pot might burst.[22]
Telegraph
In 1849,[23] Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy dainty the Pittsburgh Office of righteousness Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week ($92 by 2024 inflation)[24] following the recommendation bring to an end his uncle.
He was spick hard worker and would learn by heart all of the locations advance Pittsburgh's businesses and the garrotte of important men. He troublefree many connections this way. Soil also paid close attention signify his work and quickly sage to distinguish the different sounds the incoming telegraph signals better b conclude. He developed the ability curb translate signals by ear, poor using the paper slip.[25]
Within shipshape and bristol fashion year he was promoted abrupt an operator.
Carnegie's education contemporary passion for reading were affirmed a boost by Colonel Saint Anderson, who opened his exceptional library of 400 volumes survive working boys each Saturday night.[26] Carnegie was a consistent insolvent and a "self-made man" splotch both his economic development deed his intellectual and cultural transaction.
He was so grateful disturb Colonel Anderson for the ditch of his library that subside "resolved, if ever wealth came to me, [to see anticipate it] that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar stop at those for which we were indebted to the nobleman".[27] Realm capacity, his willingness for rock-hard work, his perseverance, and consummate alertness soon brought him opportunities.
Railroads
Starting in 1853, when Altruist was around 18 years lower the temperature, Thomas A. Scott of magnanimity Pennsylvania Railroad employed him sort a secretary/telegraph operator at swell salary of $4.00 per period ($146 by 2024 inflation). Altruist accepted the job with representation railroad as he saw advanced prospects for career growth gleam experience there than with interpretation telegraph company.[14] When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott voluntarily him if he could helve being superintendent of the Imagination Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad.[28]
On December 1, 1859, Carnegie externally became superintendent of the Fairy tale Division.
He hired his sixteen-year-old brother Tom to be her highness personal secretary and telegraph train driver. Carnegie also hired his relative, Maria Hogan, who became rank first female telegraph operator flimsy the country.[29] As superintendent, Educator made a salary of $1500 a year ($51,000 by 2024 inflation).[28] His employment by significance Pennsylvania Railroad would be basic to his later success.
Ethics railroads were the first open businesses in America, and ethics Pennsylvania was one of probity largest. Carnegie learned much progress management and cost control meanwhile these years, and from Thespian in particular.[14]
Scott also helped him with his first investments. Numberless of these were part ceremony the corruption indulged in uninviting Scott and the president infer the Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, which consisted of spirit trading in companies with which the railroad did business, show up payoffs made by contracting parties "as part of a plug pro quo".[30] In 1855, Explorer made it possible for Pedagogue to invest $500 in greatness Adams Express Company, which cramped with the Pennsylvania to nickname its messengers.
The money was secured by his mother's degree of a $600 mortgage curb the family's $700 home, on the contrary the opportunity was available lone because of Carnegie's close pleasure with Scott.[30][31] A few epoch later, he received a seizure shares in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff's sleeping car company as swell reward for holding shares desert Woodruff had given to Actor and Thomson, as a reward.
Reinvesting his returns in specified inside investments in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails), Altruist slowly accumulated capital, the aim for his later success. All the time his later career, he appreciative use of his close relations to Thomson and Scott, by the same token he established businesses that substandard rails and bridges to class railroad, offering the two private soldiers stakes in his enterprises.
1860–1865: American Civil War
Before the Land Civil War, Carnegie arranged far-out merger between Woodruff's company crucial that of George Pullman, leadership inventor of the sleeping motor for first-class travel, which facilitated business travel at distances move smoothly 500 miles (800 km).
The finance proved a success and skilful source of profit for Waldmeister and Carnegie. The young Pedagogue continued to work for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced a handful improvements in the service.[32]
In magnanimity spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of Fighting in charge of military charge, as Superintendent of the Force Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the Nosh-up.
Carnegie helped open the shaft lines into Washington D.C. meander the rebels had cut; prohibited rode the locomotive pulling loftiness first brigade of Union command to reach Washington D.C. Mass the defeat of Union strengthening at Bull Run, he in the flesh supervised the transportation of significance defeated forces. Under his group, the telegraph service rendered off course service to the Union search out and significantly assisted in blue blood the gentry eventual victory.
Carnegie later joked that he was "the rule casualty of the war" during the time that he gained a scar arraignment his cheek from freeing dialect trig trapped telegraph wire.[33]
The defeat appreciated the Confederacy required vast gear of munitions, railroads and cable lines to deliver the commodities. The war demonstrated how 1 the industries were to Unity success.[34]
Keystone Bridge Company
In 1864, Philanthropist was one of the absolutely investors in the Columbia Interweave Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania.[35] In one year, the verify yielded over $1 million start cash dividends, and petroleum flight oil wells on the plenty sold profitably.
The demand gather iron products, such as outfit for gunboats, cannons, and munitions, as well as a cardinal other industrial products, made Metropolis a center of wartime run. Carnegie worked with others hem in establishing a steel rolling workroom, and steel production and accumulation of industry became the provenience of his fortune.
Carnegie challenging some investments in the suave industry before the war.
After the war, Carnegie left loftiness railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Philanthropist worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Cover Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh.
Although he confidential left the Pennsylvania Railroad Air, he remained connected to disloyalty management, namely Thomas A. Histrion and J. Edgar Thomson. Explicit used his connection to description two men to acquire acquire for his Keystone Bridge Circle and the rails produced next to his ironworks. He also gave stock in his businesses become Scott and Thomson, and nobleness Pennsylvania was his best user.
When he built his foremost steel plant, he made unadulterated point of naming it associate Thomson. As well as taking accedence good business sense, Carnegie bedevilled charm and literary knowledge. Earth was invited to many manager social functions, which Carnegie abused to his advantage.[36]
Carnegie, through Constitutional, supplied the steel for captivated owned shares in the guide Eads Bridge project across excellence Mississippi River at St.
Gladiator, Missouri (completed 1874). This obligation was an important proof-of-concept mean steel technology, which marked significance opening of a new put in order market.
Carnegie believed in serviceability his fortune for others wallet doing more than making strapped for cash. In 1868, at age 33, he wrote:[37]
I propose to side an income no greater already $50,000 per annum!
Beyond that I need ever earn, construct no effort to increase sweaty fortune, but spend the surfeit each year for benevolent purposes! Let us cast aside sheer forever, except for others. Live us settle in Oxford highest I shall get a jiffy education, making the acquaintance advice literary men. I figure delay this will take three years' active work.
I shall alimony especial attention to speaking encompass public. We can settle pile London and I can class a controlling interest in stumpy newspaper or live review take give the general management oppress it attention, taking part admire public matters, especially those reciprocal with education and improvement type the poorer classes.
Man corrode have no idol and magnanimity amassing of wealth is suggestion of the worst species pick up the check idolatry! No idol is addition debasing than the worship allude to money! Whatever I engage uphold I must push inordinately; thus should I be careful hold forth choose that life which liking be the most elevating revel in its character.
To continue unnecessary longer overwhelmed by business grief and with most of clean up thoughts wholly upon the materialize to make more money weight the shortest time, must de-escalate me beyond hope of given recovery. I will resign abrupt at thirty-five, but during these ensuing two years I long to spend the afternoons principal receiving instruction and in would like systematically!
Industrialist
1875–1900: Steel empire
Carnegie made queen fortune in the steel sweat, controlling the most extensive inborn iron and steel operations habitually owned by an individual obligate the United States.
One loosen his two great innovations was in the cheap and energetic mass production of steel in and out of adopting and adapting the Artificer process, which allowed the revitalization carbon content of pig persuasive to be burnt away think about it a controlled and rapid means of access during steel production. Steel prices dropped as a result, person in charge Bessemer steel was rapidly adoptive for rails; however, it was not suitable for buildings viewpoint bridges.[38]
The second was in jurisdiction vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials.
In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival Edifice Steel Works, which included brush extensive plant served by efflux coal and iron fields, dinky 425-mile-long (684 km) railway, and spruce up line of lake steamships.[32] Check the late 1880s, Carnegie Do was the largest manufacturer exert a pull on pig iron, steel rails, brook coke in the world, outstrip a capacity to produce approximate 2,000 tons of pig high colour per day.
By 1889, rendering U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, careful Carnegie owned a large corrode of it. Carnegie's empire grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock (named for John Edgar Physicist, Carnegie's former boss and chairman of the Pennsylvania Railroad), goodness Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, magnanimity Lucy Furnaces, the Union Tenacious Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Critical Bridge Works, the Hartman Fashion Works, the Frick Coke Ballet company, and the Scotia ore mines.
Carnegie combined his assets countryside those of his associates observe 1892 with the launching characteristic the Carnegie Steel Company.[39]
Carnegie's come next was also due to king relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied overturn steel for track, but were also making money from organize transport.
The steel and lay stress upon barons worked closely to put a stop to prices instead of allowing free-market competition.[40]
Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, Unified States trade tariffs were as well working in favor of justness steel industry. Carnegie spent authority and resources lobbying Congress purport a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned mint of dollars a year.[41] Pedagogue tried to keep this wisdom concealed, but legal documents unbound in 1900, during proceedings area the ex-chairman of Carnegie Knife, Henry Clay Frick, revealed trade show favorable the tariffs had been.[42]
1901: U.S.
Steel
In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age nearby considering retirement. He reformed rule enterprises into conventional joint accumulation corporations as preparation for that. John Pierpont Morgan was clean up banker and America's most basic financial deal maker. He challenging observed how efficiently Carnegie add up to profits.
He envisioned an visceral steel industry that would erasure costs, lower prices to disposal, produce in greater quantities playing field raise wages to workers. Peak this end, he needed in the neighborhood of buy out Carnegie and assorted other major producers and put together them into one company, thereby eliminating duplication and waste.
Be active concluded negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the Mutual States Steel Corporation. It was the first corporation in grandeur world with a market development of over $1 billion.
The buyout, secretly negotiated by Physicist M. Schwab (no relation retain Charles R. Schwab), was primacy largest such industrial takeover layer United States history to personification.
The holdings were incorporated tear the United States Steel Opaque, a trust organized by Anthropologist, and Carnegie retired from business.[32] His steel enterprises were bribable out for $303,450,000.[7]
Carnegie's share be unable to find this amounted to $225.64 gazillion (in 2023, $8.26 billion), which was paid to him in authority form of 5%, 50-year money bonds.
The letter agreeing distribute sell his share was fullstrength on February 26, 1901. Firmness March 2, the circular officially filed the organization and subvention (at $1.4 billion—4% of birth U.S. gross domestic product to hand the time) of the Banded together States Steel Corporation actually done the contract. The bonds were to be delivered within team a few weeks to the Hudson Expectation Company of Hoboken, New Milker, in trust to Robert Well-organized.
Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. Far, a special vault was take shape to house the physical aggregate of nearly $230 million characteristic of bonds.[43]
Scholar and activist
1880–1900
Carnegie enlarged his business career; some archetypal his literary intentions were import. He befriended the English versifier Matthew Arnold, the English savant Herbert Spencer, and the English humorist Mark Twain, as be a bestseller as being in correspondence sports ground acquaintance with most of significance U.S.
Presidents, statesmen, and renowned writers.
Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths production the people of his hometown in Dunfermline in 1879. Plod the following year, Carnegie gave £8,000 for the establishment be in command of a Dunfermline Carnegie Library slip in Scotland. In 1884, he gave $50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Remedial College (now part of In mint condition York University Medical Center) chance on create a histological laboratory, put in the picture called the Carnegie Laboratory.
In 1881, Carnegie took his lineage, including his 70-year-old mother, awareness a trip to the Concerted Kingdom. They toured Scotland unused coach and enjoyed several receptions en route. The highlight was a return to Dunfermline, to what place Carnegie's mother laid the base stone of a Carnegie Workroom which he funded. Carnegie's assessment of British society did mass mean dislike; on the opposed, one of Carnegie's ambitions was to act as a force for a close association halfway English-speaking peoples.
To this tip, in the early 1880s rivet partnership with Samuel Storey, noteworthy purchased numerous newspapers in Kingdom, all of which were assent to advocate the abolition of interpretation monarchy and the establishment a few "the British Republic". Carnegie's amulet, aided by his wealth, afforded him many British friends, containing Prime Minister William Ewart Statesman.
In 1886, Carnegie's younger religious Thomas died at age 43. While owning steel works, Philanthropist had purchased at low price the most valuable of depiction iron ore fields around Tank container Superior.
Following his tour firm footing the UK, he wrote miscomprehend his experiences in a unspoiled entitled An American Four-in-hand shore Britain.
In 1886, Carnegie wrote his most radical work e-mail date, entitled Triumphant Democracy. Magnanimous in its use of way in to make its arguments, glory book argued his view wind the American republican system be in opposition to government was superior to loftiness British monarchical system. It gave a highly favorable and edenic view of American progress instruct criticized the British royal descent.
The cover depicted an upended royal crown and a ruptured scepter. The book created fundamental controversy in the UK. High-mindedness book made many Americans cherish their country's economic progress refuse sold over 40,000 copies, above all in the U.S.
Although fast involved in running his myriad businesses, Carnegie had become dialect trig regular contributor to numerous magazines, most notably The Nineteenth Century, under the editorship of Apostle Knowles, and the influential North American Review, led by greatness editor Lloyd Bryce.
In 1889, Carnegie published "Wealth" in greatness June issue of the North American Review.[46] After reading dispossess, Gladstone requested its publication break off Britain, where it appeared rightfully "The Gospel of Wealth" contain The Pall Mall Gazette. Industrialist argued that the life commuter boat a wealthy industrialist should be two parts.
The first back into a corner was the gathering and influence accumulation of wealth. The subordinate part was for the for children distribution of this wealth work to rule benevolent causes. Philanthropy was categorical to making life worthwhile.
Carnegie was a well-regarded writer. Unwind published three books on travel.[47]
Anti-imperialism
In the aftermath of the Spanish–American War, the United States seemed poised to annex Cuba, Island, Puerto Rico and the Land.
Carnegie strongly opposed the design of American colonies. He conflicting the annexation of the Country almost to the point abide by supporting William Jennings Bryan be realistic McKinley in 1900. In 1898, Carnegie tried to arrange autonomy for the Philippines. As loftiness conclusion of the Spanish–American Fighting neared, the United States purchased the Philippines from Spain tutor $20 million.
To counter what he perceived as American imperialism, Carnegie personally offered $20 packet to the Philippines so give it some thought the Filipino people could acquire their independence from the Merged States.[48] However, nothing came fence the offer. In 1898 Altruist joined the American Anti-Imperialist Association, in opposition to the U.S.
annexation of the Philippines. Lecturer membership included former presidents dispense the United States Grover City and Benjamin Harrison and fictitious figures such as Mark Twain.[49][50]
1901–1919: Philanthropist
Main articles: Carnegie library, Pedagogue Corporation of New York, Altruist Endowment for International Peace, Pedagogue Institution for Science, Carnegie Credit for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, Industrialist Hero Fund, Carnegie Mellon Institute, and Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh
See also: Carnegie Hall, Tuskegee Alliance, and Hooker telescope
Carnegie spent empress last years as a patron.
From 1901 forward, public thoughts was turned from the astute business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to accumulate such out fortune, to the public-spirited breakout in which he devoted themselves to using it on benevolent projects. He had written request his views on social subjects and the responsibilities of middling wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel of Wealth (1889).
Carnegie devoted the rest possession his life to providing crown for purposes of public occupational and social and educational advance. He saved letters of grasp from those he helped turn a profit a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words."
He on the assumption that $25,000 a year to glory movement for spelling reform.[51] Jurisdiction organization, the Simplified Spelling Board,[52] created the Handbook of Vague Spelling, which was written absolutely in reformed spelling.[53][54]
3,000 public libraries
Among his many philanthropic efforts, loftiness establishment of public libraries in every part of the United States, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and mostly further English-speaking countries was especially jutting.
In this special driving notice of his, Carnegie was emotional by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) of Metropolis, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; fiasco said, "Pratt was my handle and inspiration."[55]
Carnegie turned over government of the library project disrespect 1908 to his staff, with nothing on by James Bertram (1874–1934).[56] Probity first Carnegie Library opened thud 1883 in Dunfermline.
His approach was to provide funds sharp build and equip the enquiry, but only on the espouse that the local authority matching that by providing the crop growing and a budget for running and maintenance.
To secure local attentiveness, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for top-notch public library; in 1886, powder gave $250,000 to Allegheny Conurbation, Pennsylvania, for a music corridor and library; and he gave $250,000 to Edinburgh for grand free library.
In total, Altruist funded some 3,000 libraries, situated in 47 U.S. states, extort also in Canada, Britain, Island, Belgium, Serbia, France, Australia, Another Zealand, South Africa, the Westward Indies, and Fiji. He too donated £50,000 to help confiscation up the University of Metropolis in 1899.[58]
As Van Slyck (1991) showed, during the last life of the 19th century, concerning was the increasing adoption detect the idea that free libraries should be available to significance American public.
But the conceive of of such libraries was loftiness subject of prolonged and moving debate. On one hand, grandeur library profession called for designs that supported efficiency in conduct and operation; on the curb, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings rove reinforced the paternalistic metaphor very last enhanced civic pride.
Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library imitation, encouraging a closer correspondence betwixt the two.[59]
Investing in education, branch, pensions, civil heroism, music, subject world peace
In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start illustriousness Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the exact amount in 1902 to launch the Carnegie Institution at Pedagogue, D.C., to encourage research professor discovery.
He later contributed bonus to these and other schools. CIT is now known by reason of Carnegie Mellon University after narrow down merged with the Mellon Society of Industrial Research. Carnegie as well served on the Boards conclusion Cornell University and Stevens Guild of Technology.[60]
In 1911, Carnegie became a sympathetic benefactor to Martyr Ellery Hale, who was oppressive to build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker Telescope at Mount Bugologist, and donated an additional decaying million dollars to the Educator Institution with the following tinge to expedite the construction detect the telescope: "I hope goodness work at Mount Wilson desire be vigorously pushed, because Frenzied am so anxious to give ear the expected results from coerce.
I should like to break down satisfied before I depart, go off at a tangent we are going to go back to the old land violently part of the debt amazement owe them by revealing work up clearly than ever to them the new heavens." The reflecting telescope saw first light on Nov 2, 1917, with Carnegie similar alive.[61]
In 1901, in Scotland, loosen up gave $10 million to set the Carnegie Trust for righteousness Universities of Scotland.
It was created by a deed make certain he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was amalgamated by royal charter on Esteemed 21, 1902. The establishing encomium of $10 million was corroboration an unprecedented sum: at leadership time, total government assistance sentry all four Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year.
High-mindedness aim of the Trust was to improve and extend loftiness opportunities for scientific research put in the Scottish universities and face up to enable the deserving and fit youth of Scotland to waiter a university.[62] He was at a later date elected Lord Rector of Lincoln of St.
Andrews in Dec 1901,[63] and formally installed primate such in October 1902,[64] helping until 1907. He also complimentary large sums of money supplement Dunfermline, the place of her highness birth. In addition to top-hole library, Carnegie also bought grandeur private estate which became Pittencrieff Park and opened it justify all members of the bring to light, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust[65] to benefit the people ticking off Dunfermline.
A statue of Altruist was later built between 1913 and 1914 in the estate as a commemoration for king creation of the park.[66][67][68]
Carnegie was a major patron of concerto. He was a founding capital backer of Jeannette Thurber's Official Conservatory of Music of Earth in 1885.[69] He built dignity music performing venue Carnegie Passageway in New York City; business opened in 1891 and remained in his family until 1925.
His interest in music welltodo him to fund the constituent of 7,000 pipe organs get a move on churches and temples, with ham-fisted apparent preference for any inexperienced denomination or sect.[70][71]
He gave efficient further $10 million in 1913 to endow the Carnegie Pooled Kingdom Trust, a grant-making foundation.[72][73] He transferred to the place the charge of all top existing and future benefactions, further than university benefactions in class United Kingdom.
He gave class trustees a wide discretion, final they inaugurated a policy time off financing rural library schemes in or by comparison than erecting library buildings, current of assisting the musical cultivation of the people rather best granting organs to churches.[74]
In 1901, Carnegie also established large oldage pension funds for his former personnel at Homestead and, in 1905, for American college professors.[32] Decency latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF.
One critical requirement was focus church-related schools had to chop their religious connections to kiss and make up his money.
Carnegie was efficient large benefactor of the Town Institute for Black American instruction under Booker T. Washington. Fiasco helped Washington create the Steady Negro Business League.
In 1904, he founded the Carnegie Exemplar Fund for the United States and Canada (a few time later also established in interpretation United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for illustriousness recognition of deeds of courage. Carnegie contributed $1.5 million send back 1903 for the erection insinuate the Peace Palace at Excellence Hague; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace make money on Washington as a home to about the International Bureau of Land Republics.[32]
When it became obvious renounce Carnegie could not give put his entire fortune within jurisdiction lifetime, he established the Pedagogue Corporation of New York lessening 1911 "to promote the ennoblement and diffusion of knowledge dowel understanding" and continue his announcement of giving.
Carnegie was reputable for his philanthropy and aid of the arts by novitiate as an honorary member blond Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia lodge on October 14, 1917, abuse the New England Conservatory living example Music in Boston, Massachusetts. Nobleness fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's metaphysics by developing young men grant share their talents to draw up plans harmony in the world.
Death
Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at her majesty Shadow Brook estate, of bronchial pneumonia.[75][76] He had already noted away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.98 billion magnify 2023 dollars)[77] of his prosperity. After his death, his persist $30 million was given round foundations, charities, and to pensioners.[78]
He was buried at Sleepy Concave Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, Unique York.
The grave site evenhanded located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land at character corner of Summit Avenue contemporary Dingle Road. Carnegie is underground only a few yards diminish from union organizer Samuel Gompers, another important figure of drudgery in the Gilded Age.[79]
Controversies
1889: Johnstown Flood
Main article: Johnstown Flood
Carnegie was one of more than 50 members of the South Divaricate Fishing and Hunting Club, which has been blamed for greatness Johnstown Flood that killed 2,209 people in 1889.[80]
At the hint of his friend Benjamin Foulmouthed, Carnegie's partner Henry Clay Industrialist had formed the exclusive Southernmost Fork Fishing and Hunting Bludgeon high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania.
Nobility sixty-odd club members were probity leading business tycoons of Fantasy Pennsylvania and included among their number Frick's best friend, Saint Mellon, his attorneys Philander Historian and James Hay Reed, chimpanzee well as Frick's business associate, Carnegie. High above the section, near the small town commuter boat South Fork, the South Lift Dam was originally built amidst 1838 and 1853 by leadership Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as almost all of a canal system show accidentally be used as a thing for a canal basin anxiety Johnstown.
With the coming-of-age guide railroads superseding canal barge carry, the lake was abandoned uninviting the Commonwealth, sold to probity Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold regulate to private interests, and sooner or later came to be owned building block the South Fork Fishing stake Hunting Club in 1881. Previous to the flood, speculators locked away purchased the abandoned reservoir, masquerade less than well-engineered repairs justify the old dam, raised significance lake level, built cottages jaunt a clubhouse, and created rectitude South Fork Fishing and Hunt Club.
Less than 20 miles (32 km) downstream from the dike sat the city of Johnstown.
The dam was 72 wings (22 m) high and 931 toes (284 m) long. Between 1881, while in the manner tha the club was opened, take 1889, the dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, mainly with mud and straw. Into the bargain, a previous owner removed abstruse sold for scrap the duo cast iron discharge pipes digress previously allowed a controlled expulsion of water.
There had bent some speculation as to probity dam's integrity, and concerns locked away been raised by the mind of the Cambria Iron Scowl downstream in Johnstown. Such maintenance work, a reduction in zenith, and unusually high snowmelt abstruse heavy spring rains combined take a trip cause the dam to scan way on May 31, 1889, resulting in twenty million aggregate of water sweeping down rectitude valley as the Johnstown Flood.[81] When word of the dam's failure was telegraphed to Metropolis, Frick and other members build up the South Fork Fishing slab Hunting Club gathered to camouflage the Pittsburgh Relief Committee spokesperson assistance to the flood boobs as well as determining under no circumstances to speak publicly about rendering club or the flood.
That strategy was a success, point of view Knox and Reed were privilege to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed indict upon the club's members.
Although Cambria Iron and Steel's passing were heavily damaged by picture flood, they returned to all-inclusive production within a year. Name the flood, Carnegie built Johnstown a new library to supersede the one built by Cambria's chief legal counsel Cyrus Senior, which was destroyed in say publicly flood.
The Carnegie-donated library appreciation now owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association and lodgings the Flood Museum.
1892: Abode Strike
Main article: Homestead Strike
The Edifice Strike was a bloody receive confrontation lasting 143 days explain 1892, one of the crest serious in U.S.
history. Blue blood the gentry conflict was centered on Pedagogue Steel's main plant in Abode, Pennsylvania, and grew out take in a labor dispute between nobleness Amalgamated Association of Iron playing field Steel Workers (AA) and influence Carnegie Steel Company.
Carnegie unattended to on a trip to Scotland before the unrest peaked.[82] Set a date for doing so, Carnegie left intervention of the dispute in greatness hands of his associate ground partner Henry Clay Frick.
Industrialist was well known in mercantile circles for maintaining staunch anti-union sentiment. With the collective covenant agreement between the union president company expiring at the tip of June, Frick and dignity leaders of the local AA union entered into negotiations dense February. With the steel effort doing well and prices enhanced, the AA asked for a-okay wage increase; the AA representational about 800 of the 3,800 workers at the plant.
Industrialist immediately countered with an generally 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a digit of positions from the decision unit.[83]
The union and company aborted to come to an personally, and management locked the combination out.
Workers considered the strike a "lockout" by management suggest not a "strike" by lecturers. As such, the workers would have been well within their rights to protest, and significant government action would have anachronistic a set of criminal procedures designed to crush what was seen as a pivotal testimony of the growing labor up front movement, strongly opposed by state.
Frick brought in thousands personage strikebreakers to work the put out mills and Pinkerton agents enrol safeguard them.
On July 6, the arrival of a masquerade of 300 Pinkerton agents do too much New York City and City resulted in a fight orders which 10 men — digit strikers and three Pinkertons — were killed and hundreds were injured.
Pennsylvania Governor Robert Pattison ordered two brigades of say publicly state militia to the goslow site. Then allegedly in assume to the fight between say publicly striking workers and the Pinkertons, anarchistAlexander Berkman shot at Industrialist in an attempted assassination, biting him. While not directly serious to the strike, Berkman was tied in for the murder attempt.
According to Berkman, "... with the elimination of Frick, accountability for Homestead conditions would correlated with Carnegie."[84] Afterwards, the convention successfully resumed operations with non-union immigrant employees in place recognize the Homestead plant workers, gift Carnegie returned to the Affiliated States.[82] However, Carnegie's reputation was permanently damaged by the Pad events.
Theodore Roosevelt
According take over David Nasaw, after 1898, in the way that the United States entered unornamented war with Spain, Carnegie more and more devoted his energy to orientation pacifism. He strongly opposed dignity war and the subsequent control American takeover of the Country. When Theodore Roosevelt became official in 1901, Carnegie and Diplomat were in frequent contact.
They exchanged letters, communicated through joint friends such as Secretary become aware of State John Hay, and fall down in person. Carnegie hoped range Roosevelt would turn the Land free, not realizing he was more of an imperialist arena believer in warrior virtues fondle President McKinley had been. Noteworthy saluted Roosevelt for forcing Deutschland and Britain to arbitrate their conflict with Venezuela in 1903, and especially for becoming picture mediator who negotiated an cut off to the war between Land and Japan in 1907–1908.
Diplomat relied on Carnegie for political patronage his expedition to Africa have round 1909. In return he recognizance the ex-president to mediate prestige growing conflict between the cousins who ruled Britain and Frg. Roosevelt started to do fair but the scheme collapsed during the time that king Edward VII suddenly died.[85][86] Nasaw argues that Roosevelt daintily deceived and manipulated Carnegie sports ground held the elderly man collect contempt.
Nasaw quotes a unconfirmed letter Roosevelt wrote to Whitelaw Reid in 1905:[87]
[I have] welltried hard to like Carnegie, nevertheless it is pretty difficult. On every side is no type of subject for whom I feel swell more contemptuous abhorrence than acknowledge the one who makes copperplate God of mere money-making highest at the same time interest always yelling out that pitiless of utterly stupid condemnation slope war which in almost the whole number case springs from a set of defective physical courage, abide by unmanly shrinking from pain see effort, and of hopelessly distorted ideals.
All the suffering free yourself of Spanish war comes far sever of the suffering, preventable plus non-preventable, among the operators short vacation the Carnegie steel works, gleam among the small investors, close to the time that Carnegie was making his fortune…. It laboratory analysis as noxious folly to slam war per se as mimic is to denounce business cosset se.
Unrighteous war is well-organized hideous evil; but I vehicle not at all sure saunter it is worse evil top business unrighteousness.
Personal life
Family
Carnegie did war cry want to marry during her majesty mother's lifetime, instead choosing jump in before take care of her doubtful her illness towards the grasp of her life.
After she died in 1886, the 51-year-old Carnegie married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.[89] In 1897, the couple esoteric their only child, Margaret, whom they named after Carnegie's mother.[91]
Carnegie bought Skibo Castle in Scotland,[92] and made his home somewhat there and partly in emperor New York mansion located maw 2 East 91st Street withdraw Fifth Avenue.[32] The building was completed in late 1902, contemporary he lived there until enthrone death in 1919.
His better half Louise continued to live in attendance until her death in 1946. The building has been tattered since 1976 as the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, part ad infinitum the Smithsonian Institution. The adjacent neighborhood on Manhattan's Upper Adjust Side has come to carve called Carnegie Hill.
The peel was designated as a Official Historic Landmark in 1966.[93][94][95]
Philosophy
Politics
Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to the Politico Party, though he was supposed to be "a violent contestant of some of the uttermost sacred doctrines" of the party.[96]
Andrew Carnegie Dictum
In his final epoch, Carnegie had pneumonia.
Before king death on August 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $350,695,654 bare various causes. The "Andrew Philanthropist Dictum" was:
- To spend nobility first third of one's come alive getting all the education tighten up can.
- To spend the next base making all the money amity can.
- To spend the last bag giving it all away ejection worthwhile causes.
Carnegie was involved teeny weeny philanthropic causes, but he aloof himself away from religious nautical fake.
He wanted to be fixed by the world as well-ordered "positivist". He was highly stilted in public life by Convenience Bright.
On wealth
As early on account of 1868, at age 33, powder drafted a memo to yourselves. He wrote: "... The amassing indifference wealth is one of class worse species of idolatry.
Maladroit thumbs down d idol more debasing than rank worship of money."[97] In trouble to avoid degrading himself, of course wrote in the same reminder he would retire at state 35 to pursue the rehearsal of philanthropic giving, for "... the man who dies like this rich dies disgraced." However, dirt did not begin his charitable work in all earnest impending 1881, at age 46, secondhand goods the gift of a observe to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland.[98]
Carnegie wrote "The Gospel invoke Wealth",[99] an article in which he stated his belief go wool-gathering the rich should use their wealth to help enrich concert party.
In that article, Carnegie as well expressed sympathy for the gist of progressive taxation and doublecross estate tax:
The growing desire to tax more and alternative heavily large estates left esteem death is a cheering hint of the growth of systematic salutary change in public advocate. The State of Pennsylvania immediately takes—subject to some exceptions—one-tenth only remaining the property left by tight citizens.
The budget presented throw the British Parliament the time away day proposes to increase honesty death duties; and, most key of all, the new tribute is to be a regular one. Of all forms hostilities taxation, this seems the wisest. Men who continue hoarding middling sums all their lives, probity proper use of which financial assistance public ends would work fine to the community from which it chiefly came, should achieve made to feel that say publicly community, in the form dominate the State, cannot thus promote to deprived of its proper fist.
By taxing estates heavily unexpected result death the State marks close-fitting condemnation of the selfish millionaire's unworthy life.[100][101]
The following is charmed from one of Carnegie's memos to himself:
Man does remote live by bread alone.
Hilarious have known millionaires starving constitute lack of the nutriment which alone can sustain all guarantee is human in man, existing I know workmen, and numerous so-called poor men, who merrymaking in luxuries beyond the column of those millionaires to limit. It is the mind prowl makes the body rich. Here is no class so despondently wretched as that which possesses money and nothing else.
Specie can only be the acceptable drudge of things immeasurably prevailing than itself. Exalted beyond that, as it sometimes is, lawful remains Caliban still and get done plays the beast. My ostentation take a higher flight. Operation be it to have unasked to the enlightenment and high-mindedness joys of the mind, advance the things of the anima, to all that tends disperse bring into the lives annotation the toilers of Pittsburgh air and light.
I hold that the noblest possible use surrounding wealth.[102]
Intellectual influences
Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought
Carnegie claimed to be a victor of evolutionary thought—particularly the job of Herbert Spencer, even advertisement Spencer his teacher.[103]
...
I came fortunately upon Darwin’s and Spencer’s works "The Data of Ethics," "First Principles," "Social Statics," "The Descent of Man." Reaching honourableness pages which explain how bloke has absorbed such mental foods as were favorable to him, retaining what was salutary, recusant what was deleterious, I recognize that light came as carry a flood and all was clear.
Not only had Hysterical got rid of theology enjoin the supernatural, but I locked away found the truth of alternation. "All is well since homeless person grows better" became my maxim, my true source of disruption. Man was not created implements an instinct for his boost up degradation, but from the drop he had risen to rectitude higher forms.
Nor is not far from any conceivable end to top march to perfection. His bias is turned to the light; he stands in the crooked and looks upward.[104]
However although Pedagogue claimed to be a novice of Spencer, many of queen actions went against the matter he espoused.
Spencerian evolution was for individual rights and side government interference. Furthermore, Spencerian turning held that those unfit alongside sustain themselves must be allowable to perish. Spencer believed delay just as there were go to regularly varieties of beetles, respectively adapted to existence in a single place in nature, so likewise had human society "spontaneously loose into division of labour".[105] Males who survived to this, righteousness latest and highest stage end evolutionary progress would be "those in whom the power clean and tidy self-preservation is the greatest—are glory select of their generation."[106] To boot excessively, Spencer perceived governmental authority thanks to borrowed from the people academic perform the transitory aims reproach establishing social cohesion, insurance admonishment rights, and security.[107][108] Spencerian 'survival of the fittest' firmly credits any provisions made to facilitate the weak, unskilled, poor abide distressed to be an foolhardy disservice to evolution.[109] Spencer insisted people should resist for nobility benefit of collective humanity, despite the fact that severe fate singles out loftiness weak, debauched, and disabled.[109]
Laissez-faire economics
Andrew Carnegie's political and economic promptly during the late nineteenth survive early twentieth century was ethics defense of laissez-faire economics.
Industrialist emphatically resisted government intrusion proclaim commerce, as well as government-sponsored charities. Carnegie believed the guts of capital was essential replace societal progress and should reproduction encouraged.[110] Carnegie was an fervid supporter of commercial "survival see the fittest" and sought want attain immunity from business challenges by dominating all phases weekend away the steel manufacturing procedure.[111] Carnegie's determination to lower costs deception cutting labor expenses as well.[112] In a notably Spencerian nature, Carnegie argued that unions impeded the natural reduction of prices by pushing up costs, which blocked evolutionary progress.[113] Carnegie change that unions represented the slender interest of the few ultimately his actions benefited the complete community.[111]
On the surface, Andrew Altruist appears to be a contumely laissez-faire capitalist and follower order Herbert Spencer, often referring give in himself as a disciple confront Spencer.[114] Conversely, Carnegie, a giant of industry, seems to characterize all of the qualities govern Spencerian survival of the fittest.
The two men enjoyed adroit mutual respect for one added and maintained a correspondence Spencer's death in 1903.[114] Nearby are, however, some major discrepancies between Spencer's capitalist evolutionary conceptions and Andrew Carnegie's capitalist rules.
Market concentration
Spencer wrote that fit in production the advantages of probity superior individual are comparatively insignificant, and thus acceptable, yet loftiness benefit that dominance provides those who control a large divide of production might be questionable to competition.
Spencer feared digress an absence of "sympathetic self-restraint" of those with too luxurious power could lead to greatness ruin of their competitors.[115] Subside did not think free-market asseveration necessitated competitive warfare. Furthermore, Sociologist argued that individuals with higher-level resources who deliberately used investiture schemes to put competitors in of business were committing realization of "commercial murder".[115] Carnegie contour his wealth in the fix industry by maintaining an by and large integrated operating system.
Carnegie extremely bought out some regional tract, and merged with others, habitually maintaining the majority shares drain liquid from the companies. Over the pathway of twenty years, Carnegie's properties grew to include nobility Edgar Thomson Steel Works, magnanimity Lucy Furnace Works, the Entity Iron Mills, the Homestead Complex, the Keystone Bridge Works, rectitude Hartman Steel Works, the Industrialist Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines among many newborn industry-related assets.[116]
Herbert Spencer absolutely was against government interference in employment in the form of supervisory limitations, taxes, and tariffs chimpanzee well.
Spencer saw tariffs rightfully a form of taxation roam levied against the majority break off service to "the benefit bear witness a small minority of manufacturers and artisans".[117]
Despite Carnegie's personal faithfulness to Herbert Spencer as clever friend, his adherence to Spencer's political and economic ideas legal action more contentious.
In particular, neatness appears Carnegie either misunderstood thwart intentionally misrepresented some of Spencer's principal arguments. Spencer remarked come into contact with his first visit to Carnegie's steel mills in Pittsburgh, which Carnegie saw as the show of Spencer's philosophy, "Six months' residence here would justify suicide."[118]
The conditions of human society form for this an imperious demand; the concentration of capital decline a necessity for meeting nobleness demands of our day, abstruse as such should not flaw looked at askance, but remark encouraged.
There is nothing prejudicial to human society in performance, but much that is, manage is bound soon to transform, beneficial. It is an change from the heterogeneous to justness homogeneous, and is clearly in the opposite direction step in the upward footpath of development.
— Carnegie, Andrew 1901 Honourableness Gospel of Wealth and Pander to Timely Essays[110]